Association of food-hygiene practices and diarrhea prevalence among Indonesian young children from low socioeconomic urban areas

Table 4 Risk factors associated with the occurrence of diarrhea in children aged 12 – 59 months (n = 274)

Risk factors	Total n	Diarrhea
Risk factors	Total n	%	Unadjusted OR (95% CI)
Children
General characteristic
Living in flooding area	168	10	0.97 (0.44–2.17)
Age ≤ 2 years	93	17	2.93 (1.32–6.48)^*a
Age ≤ 3 years	164	13	2.69 (1.05–6.86)^*a
Boy	151	10	0.93 (0.43–2.04)
Nutritional status
Wasted	36	19	2.32 (0.70–6.73)
Underweight	63	14	1.67 (0.71–3.89)
Stunted	88	8	0.68 (0.28–1.66)
Breastfeeding practice history
Received breastfeeding after birth (n = 273)	170	12	1.58 (0.67–3.74)
Received colostrum at birth	215	10	1.01 (0.39–2.61)
Received exclusive breastfeeding or no pre-lacteal feeding at birth^†	103	8	0.64 (0.27–1.50)
Breastfeeding duration ≥12 months (n = 273)	224	9	0.62 (0.25–1.55)
Utilization of health services
Received vitamin A supplementation (n = 273)	224	9	0.62 (0.25–1.55)
Received complete immunization	188	7	0.35 (0.16–0.78)^*a
Mother
Maternal schooling ≤ 9 years (less or equal to junior high school) (n = 273)	157	12	1.64 (0.71–3.76)
Household condition
Socioeconomic status: very low	149	12	1.58 (0.70–3.56)
Family size ≥ 6 persons	98	15	2.27 (1.03–4.98)^*b
Under-five children living under the same roof >1	79	18	2.78 (1.26–6.16)^*b

^†Prelacteal feeding was any nonhuman milk food or fluids provided to the new-borns before breastfeeding on the first day of life [29].
^*aStatistical significant at p < 0.05, X ² test.
^*bStatistical significant at p < 0.05, Fisher’s exact test.

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