From: Exploration of pathways related to the decline in female circumcision in Egypt
Daughter circumcised | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Restricted sample with mother’s childhood location (N = 9883) | ||||
(1) Cluster FE | (2) Area FE | (3) Area trends | (4) Reduced form | |
Mother characteristics | ||||
Year of birth | 0.989 | 1.008 | 0.888** | 1.025* |
(0.963–1.016) | (0.988–1.028) | (0.860–0.917) | (1.000–1.050) | |
Circumcised | 14.703** | 9.695** | 9.849** | 10.098** |
(5.332–40.543) | (4.786–19.639) | (3.742–25.918) | (4.975–20.494) | |
Age at first marriage | 0.95882* | 0.984 | 0.986 | 0.976 |
(0.927–0.992) | (0.960–1.009) | (0.956–1.017) | (0.953–1.000) | |
Age difference with husband | 0.981 | 0.981** | 0.979* | 0.980** |
(0.962–1.001) | (0.967–0.995) | (0.962–0.997) | (0.967–0.994) | |
Number of Children | 0.975 | 0.987 | 0.977 | 0.983 |
(0.911–1.043) | (0.940–1.036) | (0.918–1.040) | (0.935–1.032) | |
Muslim | 9.004** | 7.340** | 7.295** | 7.338** |
(5.450–14.875) | (5.409–9.960) | (4.567–11.653) | (5.403–9.966) | |
Daughter characteristics | ||||
Birth order (relative to 4th or higher) | ||||
First born | 1.099 | 0.807 | 0.791 | 0.781 |
(0.774–1.560) | (0.619–1.053) | (0.609–1.026) | (0.599–1.020) | |
Second born | 1.104 | 0.919 | 0.911 | 0.892 |
(0.816–1.495) | (0.729–1.158) | (0.719–1.153) | (0.707–1.124) | |
Third born | 1.188 | 1.012 | 1.008 | 0.996 |
(0.909–1.552) | (0.825–1.242) | (0.817–1.243) | (0.811–1.222) | |
Household characteristics | ||||
Household size (relative to Household size: 2 to 4) | ||||
Household size: 5 to 7 | 1.121 | 0.935 | 0.874 | 0.900 |
(0.699–1.796) | (0.667–1.311) | (0.570–1.341) | (0.642–1.264) | |
Household size: 8 to 10 | 1.172 | 0.986 | 0.977 | 0.951 |
(0.859–1.598) | (0.789–1.232) | (0.732–1.304) | (0.761–1.190) | |
Household size: 11+ | 1.356 | 1.096 | 1.098 | 1.072 |
(0.984–1.870) | (0.868–1.385) | (0.835–1.443) | (0.847–1.356) | |
SES | ||||
Wealth quintile 1 | 0.826 | 0.862 | 0.836 | 0.906 |
(0.627–1.088) | (0.710–1.047) | (0.641–1.092) | (0.747–1.099) | |
Wealth quintile 2 | 0.899 | 1.000 | 1.001 | 1.031 |
(0.693–1.165) | (0.829–1.206) | (0.795–1.260) | (0.855–1.243) | |
Wealth quintile 4 | 0.644** | 0.696** | 0.691** | 0.657** |
(0.478–0.868) | (0.564–0.860) | (0.539–0.886) | (0.533–0.809) | |
Wealth quintile 5 | 0.509** | 0.445** | 0.428** | 0.404** |
(0.344–0.754) | (0.346–0.572) | (0.320–0.574) | (0.316–0.517) | |
Mother works | 0.782* | 0.807** | 0.811* | 0.776** |
(0.638–0.960) | (0.696–0.934) | (0.675–0.974) | (0.671–0.897) | |
Mother completed primary | 0.629** | 0.757** | 0.770* | |
(0.470–0.842) | (0.617–0.929) | (0.597–0.994) | ||
Mother completed secondary or more | 0.611** | 0.622** | 0.614** | |
(0.450–0.830) | (0.499–0.776) | (0.466–0.808) | ||
Father completed primary | 1.185 | 1.175 | 1.206 | 1.127 |
(0.926–1.516) | (0.983–1.405) | (0.967–1.504) | (0.944–1.345) | |
Father completed secondary or more | 1.055 | 0.949 | 0.932 | 0.778** |
(0.814–1.368) | (0.791–1.138) | (0.750–1.159) | (0.663–0.912) | |
Area women’s educational attainment | ||||
Proportion of women completing primary | 0.226** | |||
(0.076–0.674) | ||||
Proportion of women completing secondary or more | 0.441 | |||
(0.192–1.010) | ||||
Daughter YOB & Wave FE | YES | YES | YES | YES |
Cluster FE | YES | NO | NO | NO |
Area FE | NO | YES | YES | YES |
Area* time trend FE | NO | NO | YES | NO |
Observations | 7443 | 9806 | 9806 | 9739 |
Number of clusters | 1089 | |||
Number of Areas | 167 | 167 | 167 | |
Observations dropped because no variation in outcome within geographic unit | 2440 | 77 | 77 | 144 |