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Population
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Sick population seeking care
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Healthy general or at-risk population
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Intervention
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Individual-level intervention
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Population- and/or individual-level intervention
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Single component
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Multiple interacting components
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“Reactive” treatment through medication or surgery or clinical prevention
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“Proactive” prevention through behaviour change and/or technical intervention and/or policy
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Implementation in healthcare setting
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Implementation in household, community or policy setting
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Comparison
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No intervention or alternative intervention through treatment/surgery
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“Business as usual” in several sectors
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Outcome
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Shorter causal pathway
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Longer causal pathway
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One or a small number of health outcomes
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Multiple health outcomes and broader societal consequences
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Usually impact after short lag period
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Usually impact after long lag period
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Delivery of intervention
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Delivery through health sector
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Delivery through multiple sectors
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Contextual effects
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Variation between healthcare providers (individuals, institutions)
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Variation between providers of different intervention components in multiple sectors
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Patient preference and compliance
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Large cultural and behavioural variation
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