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Table 11 Age-adjusted percentage of men and women smoking by income level, gender, age, ethnicity and location

From: Cardiovascular disease risk factors and socioeconomic variables in a nation undergoing epidemiologic transition

Age/Ethnicity/ Men Women
Location/Region Low Middle High Low Middle High
30 – 39 60 (0.001) 57 (0.001) 53 (0.001) 6 (0.001) 4 (0.01) 2 (0.1)
40 – 49 57 (0.001) 49 (0.001) 41 (0.001) 5 (0.001) 3 (0.001) 5 (0.001)
50 – 59 43 (0.001) 46 (0.001) 47 (0.001) 9 (0.001) 3 (0.01) 2 (0.1)
60 – 69 52 (0.001) 49 (0.001) 38 (0.001) 10 (0.001) 2 (0.1) 16 (0.05)
≥ 70 56 (0.001) 35 (0.01) 45 (0.1) 14 (0.001) 1 (0.001) 2 (0.001)
Malay 58 (0.001) 51 (0.001) 48 (0.001) 5 (0.001) 2 (0.001) 4 (0.001)
Chinese 42 (0.001) 31 (0.001) 10 (0.001) 4 (0.05) 12 (0.001) 6 (0.05)
Indian 11 (0.1) 34 (0.001) 29 (0.05) 2 (0.001) 3 (0.1) 4 (0.1)
Others 43 (0.001) 40 (0.001) 13 (0.1) 15 (0.001) 6 (0.001) 10 (0.001)
Urban 37 (0.001) 37 (0.001) 30 (0.001) 7 (0.001) 3 (0.001) 4 (0.001)
Rural 40 (0.001) 38 (0.001) 39 (0.001) 9 (0.001) 3 (0.001) 4 (0.001)
WPM 41 (0.001) 49 (0.001) 53 (0.001) 4 (0.001) 3 (0.001) 8 (0.001)
EPM 40 (0.001) 48 (0.001) 54 (0.001) 14 (0.001) 3 (0.05) 8 (0.01)
EM 43 (0.001) 49 (0.001) 56 (0.001) 2 (0.001) 4 (0.001) 6 (0.1)
  1. Figures in parentheses refer to p-value.
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