Skip to main content

Table 3 Lead, mercury and cadmium concentrations (μg/L) in umbilical cord, overall and by paternal epidemiological characteristics

From: Lead, mercury and cadmium in umbilical cord blood and its association with parental epidemiological variables and birth factors

Variable

Lead

Mercury

Cadmium

 

Descriptive analysis by paternal characteristics

Regression adjustment for paternal factors

Descriptive analysis by paternal characteristics

Regression adjustment for paternal factors

 

N

GM

CI95%

eβ

CI95%

p

N

GM

CI95%

eβ

CI95%

p

N

GM

CI95%

eβ

CI95%

p

Overall

112

14.1

28.5-34.1

   

106

6.76

5.74-7.90

   

112

0.27

0.23-0.31

   

Socio-demographic factors

                  

Age

                  

<=30

34

13.5

11.1-16.4

1.00

  

32

6.14

4.57-8.25

1.00

  

34

0.28

0.21-0.39

1.00

  

>30

78

14.4

12.8-16.2

1.03

0.93-1.14

0.53

74

7.01

5.77-8.51

1.02

0.87-1.20

0.80

78

0.26

0.22-0.31

0.91

0.79-1.04

0.17

Area (district)

                  

Metropolitan

61

13.6

11.8-15.6

1.00

  

56

6.59

5.28-8.21

1.00

  

61

0.26

0.21-0.32

1.00

  

Urban

51

14.8

12.7-17.1

1.03

0.95-1.13

0.47

50

6.90

4.42-8.78

1.02

0.88-1.17

0.81

51

0.28

0.23-0.35

1.08

0.95-1.23

0.24

Ethnicity

                  

Caucasian

94

14.1

12.6-15.8

1.00

  

88

6.43

5.32-7.77

1.00

  

94

0.26

0.22-0.31

1.00

  

Other

15

13.4

10.8-16.5

0.98

0.86-1.12

0.78

15

8.47

7.04-10.2

1.11

0.91-1.37

0.30

15

0.30

0.18-0.51

0.99

0.81-1.20

0.90

Educational level

                  

< High school

40

14.7

12.3-17.6

1.00

  

37

5.62

4.14-7.63

1.00

  

40

0.22

0.18-0.29

1.00

  

High School

46

13.5

11.5-15.6

0.96

0.86-1.06

 

44

8.61

7.00-10.6

1.21

0.98-1.46

 

46

0.31

0.25-0.39

1.16

0.99-1.33

 

>High school

26

14.2

11.6-17.3

0.98

0.87-1.10

0.65

25

6.82

5.21-8.91

1.01

0.96-1.13

0.42

26

0.26

0.19-0.36

1.12

0.95-1.34

0.14

Tobacco exposure

                  

Active smoking

                  

Never

55

13.4

11.7-15.3

1.00

  

54

6.64

5.37-8.20

1.00

  

55

0.25

0.20-0.30

1.00

  

Former

18

14.8

10.9-19.9

1.05

0.92-1.20

 

16

9.12

6.44-12.9

1.15

0.93-1.41

 

18

0.28

0.18-0.45

1.09

0.91-1.30

 

Current

36

14.8

12.2-18.0

1.05

0.94-1.17

0.35

33

5.70

4.02-8.08

0.97

0.82-1.15

0.83

36

0.28

0.21-0.36

1.11

0.96-1.29

0.15

Passive smoking

                  

No

35

12.6

10.6-14.9

1.00

  

35

6.97

5.38-9.03

1.00

  

35

0.28

0.21-0.37

1.00

  

Yes

77

14.8

13.1-16.8

1.07

0.97-1.15

0.27

71

6.62

5.39-8.13

0.99

0.86-1.16

0.96

77

0.26

0.22-0.31

1.01

0.88-1.17

0.81

Fish intake (tertiles)

                  

1st: <=60 g/day

      

38

5.24

3.77-7.29

1.00

  

40

0.25

0.20-0.33

1.00

  

2nd: 60-100 g/day

      

33

7.58

5.77-9.98

1.18

1.00-1.40

 

35

0.26

0.20-0.33

1.04

0.89-1.21

0.63

3rd: >100 g/day

      

34

8.00

6.47-9.91

1.21

1.03-1.43

0.02**

36

0.30

0.23-0.40

1.10

0.95-1.29

0.20

Amalgams use

                  

Yes

      

73

6.99

5.41-8.93

1.00

        

No

      

8

6.53

5.43-9.03

0.99

0.87-1.15

0.93

      
  1. Descriptive analysis: N: Sample size; GM: Geometric mean; CI 95%: 95% confidence interval for geometric mean; **p-value <0.05.
  2. Regression analysis: Lead models were adjusted for paternal age (continuous), living region (metropolitan,urban) and educational level (< High school, High School, >High school); Mercury models were adjusted for paternal age (continuous), living region (metropolitan/urban), educational level (< High school, High School, >High school) and tertiles of fish intake (grams/day). Cadmium models were adjusted for paternal age (continuous), living region (metropolitan/urban) and tobacco smoke (never/former/current). P: p-value for linear trend using the explanatory variable as a continuous term.