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Table 2 Lead, mercury and cadmium concentrations (μg/L) in umbilical cord, overall and by maternal epidemiological characteristics

From: Lead, mercury and cadmium in umbilical cord blood and its association with parental epidemiological variables and birth factors

Variable

Lead

Mercury

Cadmium

 

Descriptive analysis by maternal characteristics

Regression adjustment for maternal factors

Descriptive analysis by maternal characteristics

Regression adjustment for maternal factors

Descriptive analysis by maternal characteristics

Regression adjustment for maternal factors

 

N

GM

CI95%

eβ

CI95%

p

N

GM

CI95%

eβ

CI95%

p

N

GM

CI95%

eβ

CI95%

p

Overall

112

14.1

28.5-34.1

   

106

6.76

5.74-7.90

   

112

0.27

0.23-0.31

   

Socio-demographic factors

                  

Age

                  

<=30

54

13.6

11.8-15.6

1.00

  

50

5.98

4.59-7.78

1.00

  

54

0.26

0.30-0.32

1.00

  

>30

58

14.6

12.7-16.8

1.04

0.95-1.12

0.41

56

7.49

6.17-9.09

1.12

0.99-1.25

0.10*

58

0.28

0.23-0.34

1.02

0.90-1.16

0.72

Area (district)

                  

Metropolitan

61

13.6

11.8-15.6

1.00

  

56

6.59

5.29-8.22

1.00

  

61

0.26

0.21-0.32

1.00

  

Urban

51

14.8

12.7-17.1

1.04

0.95-1.12

0.43

50

6.90

5.42-8.78

1.03

0.89-1.17

0.70

51

0.29

0.23-0.35

1.15

0.99-1.33

0.08

Ethnicity

                  

Caucasian

85

13.8

12.2-15.6

1.00

  

78

6.05

4.91-7.44

1.00

  

85

0.25

0.21-0.30

1.00

  

Other

27

15.1

12.8-17.8

1.03

0.93-1.14

0.50

28

9.22

7.94-10.7

0.92

0.75-1.08

0.32

27

0.33

0.23-0.45

0.99

0.95-1.04

0.82

Educational level

                  

< High school

32

15.3

12.9-18.1

1.00.

  

31

6.14

4.39-8.58

1.00

  

32

0.25

0.19-0.34

1.00

  

High School

43

14.4

12.0-17.3

0.97

0.87-1.08

 

39

6.49

4.81-8.76

0.98

0.83-1.16

 

43

0.24

0.19-0.32

0.98

0.84-1.14

 

>High school

37

12.8

10.8-15.2

0.91

0.81-1.02

0.11

36

7.59

6.13-9.41

1.09

0.91-1.30

0.80

37

0.31

0.25-0.40

1.11

0.94-1.31

0.20

Obstetric history

                  

Previous pregnancies

                  

None

49

13.4

11.6-15.4

1.00

  

46

6.66

5.13-8.66

1.00

  

49

0.27

0.21-0.34

1.00

  

One

24

12.6

9.6-16.4

0.92

0.82-1.04

 

23

7.48

5.08-11.0

0.94

0.78-1.14

 

24

0.29

0.21-0.39

1.06

0.89-1.26

 

More

13

14.6

10.6-20.2

0.99

0.86-1.15

0.59

13

6.43

4.03-10.3

0.89

0.70-1.12

0.29

13

0.26

0.15-0.43

0.94

0.75-1.17

0.80

Previous abortions

                  

No

84

13.8

12.2-15.5

1.00

  

78

6.57

5.39-8.02

1.00

  

84

0.27

0.22-0.32

1.00

  

Yes

28

15.1

12.5-18.4

1.04

0.94-1.15

0.42

28

7.21

5.54-9.38

0.98

0.84-1.15

0.83

28

0.27

0.20-0.38

1.00

0.86-1.17

0.94

Previous lactations

                  

>6 months

10

11.4

8.12-15.9

1.00

  

10

4.80

2.10-11.0

1.00

  

10

0.35

0.21-0.60

1.00

  

≤6 months

11

14.2

8.28-24.3

1.06

0.87-1.29

0.55

10

7.33

4.20-12.8

1.09

0.80-1.50

0.58

11

0.29

0.16-0.53

0.92

0.69-1.21

0.53

Tobacco exposure

                  

Active smoking

                  

Never

53

12.7

11.2-14.4

1.00.

  

51

6.57

5.11-8.44

1.00

  

53

0.23

0.19-0.28

1.00

  

Former

41

14.7

12.2-17.9

1.06

0.96-1.17

 

39

6.88

5.43-8.72

1.00

0.86-1.16

 

41

0.28

0.22-0.37

1.09

0.95-1.25

 

Current

18

17.3

13.4-22.3

1.15

1.02-1.31

0.02**

16

6.92

4.26-11.2

0.98

0.80-1.21

0.10*

18

0.36

0.34-0.56

1.22

1.02-1.46

0.03**

Passive smoking

                  

No

83

12.9

11.4-14.7

1.00

  

58

6.40

5.10-8.02

1.00

  

83

0.26

0.22-0.31

1.00

  

Yes

29

15.6

13.3-18.2

1.00

0.99-1.17

0.08*

48

7.16

5.68-9.03

1.02

0.87-1.17

0.79

29

0.30

0.22-0.41

1.03

0.88-1.21

0.70

Fish intake (tertiles)

                  

1st: <=60 g/day

      

38

5.18

4.03-6.66

1.00

  

38

0.29

0.21-0.37

1.00

  

2nd: 60-100 g/day

      

34

7.12

4.96-10.2

1.17

0.99-1.38

 

34

0.28

0.21-0.36

0.95

0.80-1.13

 

3rd: >100 g/day

      

34

8.54

6.99-10.4

1.25

1.06-1.48

0.03**

34

0.24

0.19-0.32

0.90

0.75-1.09

0.28

Amalgams use

                  

Yes

      

76

6.88

5.73-8.27

1.00

        

No

      

6

6.35

1.27-31.9

0.89

0.58-1.21

0.50

      

Birth season

                  

Fall/Spring

29

15.9

13.4-19.0

1.00

  

28

5.09

3.42-7.58

1.00

  

29

0.24

0.28-0.33

1.00

  

Winter

64

12.7

11.1-14.5

0.91

0.82-1.00

0.02**

59

7.33

5.95-9.05

1.06

0.92-1.22

0.40

64

0.27

0.22-0.33

1.00

0.88-1.15

0.94

  1. Descriptive analysis: N: Sample size; GM: Geometric mean; CI 95%: 95% confidence interval for geometric mean * p-value < 0.10; **p-value <0.05.
  2. Regression analysis: Lead models were adjusted for maternal age (continuous), living region (metropolitan,urban) and educational level (< High school, High School, >High school); Mercury models were adjusted for maternal age (continuous), living region (metropolitan/urban), educational level (< High school, High School, >High school) and tertiles of fish intake (grams/day). Cadmium models were adjusted for maternal age (continuous), living region (metropolitan/urban), educational level (< High school, High School, >High school) and tobacco smoke (never/former/current). P: p-value for linear trend using the explanatory variable as a continuous term.
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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