Table 3 Source of infection and strains of E coli identified in EHEC outbreaks
From: Interventions for preventing diarrhea-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome: systematic review
Source of infection | EHEC | Year | Location |
|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Strain | Â | Â |
Contaminated foods | |||
Meat: | |||
Hamburger mince | O157: H7 | 1994 | USA [11] |
Hamburger mince | O157: H7 | 2009 | USA [90] |
Hamburger mince | O157: H7 | 2008 | USA [91] |
Hamburgers | O157: H7 | 2007 | USA [92] |
Beef | O157: H7 | 2009 | USA [93] |
Beef | O157: H7 | 2009 | USA [94] |
Mettwurst | O111: H_ | 1995 | |
Unknown | O111 | 1994 | Italy [95] |
Deer jerky | O157: H7 | 1997 | USA [6] |
Pepperoni (on Pizza) | O157: H7 | 2007 | USA [96] |
Salad: | |||
Sprouts | O104: H4 | 2011 | Germany, France [97] |
Radish sprouts in school lunches | O157 | 1996 | Japan [13] |
lettuce | O157: H7 | 1998 | USA [14] |
Lettuce (shredded) | O145 | 2010 | USA [98] |
Spinach | O157: H7 | 2006 | USA [99] |
Dairy foods: | |||
Unpasteurized cheese (made from goat and cow milks) | verotoxin VT2 gene | 1992 | France [100] |
Cheese curds | O157: H7 | 2000 | USA [101] |
Cheese | O157: H7 | 2010 | USA [51] |
Raw Biscuit Dough | O157: H7 | 2009 | USA [102] |
Contaminated drinks | |||
Water | O157: H7 | 2000 | Canada [79] |
Water (from well) | O157: H7 | 1999 | USA [8] |
Unpasteurized apple juice (commercial) | O157: H7 | 1996 | Canada; USA [103] |
Unpasteurized milk | O157: H7 | 1997 | USA [104] |
Unpasteurized milk | O157 | 1999 | UK [105] |
Unpasteurized goat’s milk | O157: H7 | 1997 | |
Raw milk | O157 | 2008 | USA [107] |
Contaminated environment | |||
Petting zoo | O157 | 2002 | Canada [68] |
Petting zoo | O157 | 2000 | The Netherlands [16] |
Farm open to public | O157 | 1997 | UK [108] |
Farm | O157 | 2001 | Scotland [109] |
Farm: Dairy and petting farm | O157: H7 | 2003 | USA [110] |
Swimming (pool) | O157: H7 | 1991 | USA [9] |
Swimming (lake) | O157: H7 | 1999 | USA [111] |
Swimming (lake) | O121: H19 | 1999 | USA [10] |
Person to person | |||
Children via paddling pool | O157: 49 | 1992 | Scotland [69] |
Children via paddling pool | O157: 2 | 1993 | UK [70] |
Child care center | O157 | 1999 | UK [58] |
Day care nursery | O157 | 1995 | UK [57] |
Mother to baby | O111: H_ | 1998 | Australia [59] |
Institution | O157: H7 | 1990 | USA [56] |