Metabolic abnormalities in adult HIV infected population on antiretroviral medication in Malaysia: a cross-sectional survey

Table 5 Risk factors for low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level in 1582 HIV subjects (normal = 1128, low HDL = 454) on ARV medication

Characteristics	Normal	Low HDL	aOR	95.0 C.I. for OR		p-value
	Mean ± S.D.	Mean ± S.D.		Lower	Upper
	N (%)	N (%)		Lower	Upper
Ethnicity
Malay	105 (23.3)	285 (25.4)	1.00
Indian	62 (13.7)	96 (8.6)	0.570	0.386	0.842	0.009
Chinese	284 (27.8)	739 (72.2)	1.753	1.187	2.589	0.005
ARV medication
Without PI	382 (86.2)	998 (90.1)	1.00
With PI	61 (13.8)	110 (9.9)	1.449	1.037	2.024	0.029
Anti-hyperglycaemic Agents
Not taking	57 (12.6)	91 (8.1)	1.00
Taking	397 (87.4)	1037 (91.9)	1.636	1.152	2.323	0.006
Viral Load (copies/mL)
<20	391 (86.1)	979 (86.8)	1.00
>20	63 (13.9)	149 (13.2)	0.945	0.688	1.297	0.724
CD4 (cells/mm3)
<200	25 (5.6)	90 (8.0)	1.00
≥200	419 (94.4)	1029 (92.0)	0.682	0.432	1.078	0.099
TG (mmol/l)	2.08 ± 1.37	3.23 ± 2.39	0.693	0.646	0.745	0.001
<5.17	95 (21.1)	551 (48.9)	1.00
≥5.17	356 (78.9)	576 (51.1)	0.279	0.216	0.360	0.001
LDL (mmol/l)	3.17 ± 1.01	2.64 ± 1.05	1.709	1.516	1.926	0.001
<3.36	349 (77.6)	673 (59.7)	1.00
≥3.36	101 (22.4)	454 (40.3)	2.331	1.813	2.997	0.001
TC (mmol/l)
<5.17	258 (56.8)	466 (41.3)	1.00
≥5.17	196 (43.2)	661 (58.7)	1.867	1.498	2.327	0.001
Hepatitis
No	383 (84.4)	1010 (89.5)	1.00
Yes	71 (15.6)	118 (10.5)	0.630	0.459	0.865	0.004

Adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, CD4, HIV RNA Load, TC, TG, LDL, FPG, alcohol consumption, smoking, liver disease, medication with agents including ARV (PI), b-blocker, anti-hyperglycemic. aOR Adjusted odds ratio, ARV Antiretroviral.

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