Table 1 Characteristics of participants
Male (n = 438) | Female (n = 345) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chi-squared | Chi-squared | ||||||
Japanese | Chinese | Japanese | Chinese | ||||
Population (n (%)) | 230 (52.5) | 208 (47.5) | 153 (44.3) | 192 (55.7) | |||
Age (y) | (mean ± SD) | 62.77 ± 8.53 | 65.84 ± 7.69 | 60.10 ± 7.62 | 63.86 ± 8.46 | ||
Body Mass Index | (mean ± SD) | 23.06 ± 3.30 | 23.61 ± 3.86 | 22.37 ± 3.06 | 24.02 ± 3.88 | ||
Job (n (%)) | White collar | 92 (51.4) | 87 (48.6) | 0.0056 | 50 (50.0) | 50 (50.0) | 0.0245 |
Blue collar | 63 (45.3) | 76 (54.7) | 33 (33.0) | 67 (67.0) | |||
Housewife | 0 (−) | 0 (−) | 70 (48.3) | 75 (51.7) | |||
Retired | 75 (64.1) | 42 (35.9) | 0 (−) | 0 (−) | |||
Missing | 0 (0.0) | 3 (100.0) | 0 (−) | 0 (−) | |||
Group (n (%)) | Healthy | 133 (63.0) | 78 (37.0) | < 0.0001 | 110 (47.6) | 121 (52.4) | 0.0817 |
COPD | 97 (42.7) | 130 (57.3) | 43 (37.7) | 71 (62.3) | |||
Cigarette smoking (n (%)) | Healthy subjects | ||||||
Current smoker | 43 (66.2) | 22 (33.8) | < 0.0001 | 9 (75.0) | 3 (25.0) | 0.0045 | |
Ex-smoker | 61 (87.1) | 9 (12.9) | 5 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | |||
Non smoker | 29 (43.3) | 38 (56.7) | 96 (45.7) | 114 (54.3) | |||
Missing | 0 (0.0) | 9 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (100.0) | |||
COPD patients | |||||||
Current smoker | 13 (28.3) | 33 (71.7) | 0.0007 | 2 (25.0) | 6 (75.0) | 0.0041 | |
Ex-smoker | 67 (52.3) | 61 (47.7) | 6 (22.2) | 21 (77.8) | |||
Non smoker | 17 (40.5) | 25 (59.5) | 35 (50.0) | 35 (50.0) | |||
Missing | 0 (0.0) | 11 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 9 (100.0) | |||
Brinkman Index (n (%)) | Healthy subjects | ||||||
0 | 29 (43.3) | 38 (56.7) | < 0.0001 | 96 (45.7) | 114 (54.3) | 0.0064 | |
0 < BI 500 | 44 (64.7) | 24 (35.3) | 13 (81.3) | 3 (18.8) | |||
BI > 500 | 60 (89.6) | 7 (10.4) | 1 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | |||
Missing | 0 (0.0) | 9 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (100.0) | |||
COPD patients | |||||||
0 | 17 (40.5) | 25 (59.5) | < 0.0001 | 35 (50.0) | 35 (50.0) | 0.0036 | |
0 < BI 500 | 17 (27.9) | 44 (72.1) | 4 (28.6) | 10 (71.4) | |||
BI > 500 | 63 (55.8) | 50 (44.2) | 4 (19.0) | 17 (81.0) | |||
Missing | 0 (0.0) | 11 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 9 (100.0) | |||
Heating sources (n (%)) | Biomass, Coal, Animal dung | 0 (0.0) | 52 (100.0) | < 0.0001 | 0 (0.0) | 41 (100.0) | < 0.0001 |
Gas, Electric, Steam | 230 (60.1) | 153 (39.9) | 153 (50.7) | 149 (49.3) | |||
Missing | 0 (0.0) | 3 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (100.0) | |||