Table 2 Comparisons of the three referral models during six months of follow-up
Variables | Subjects | Subjects referred | Referral rate | Unadjusted | Adjusted | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | n (%) | (n/N,%) | OR (CI) | OR (CI) | ||
Referral strategy | ||||||
Model 1: Referral Cards + Police-Assisted MMT Enrollment | 112 (49.6) | 6 (27.3) | 5.4 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
Model 2: Referral Cards + 2 Months MMT in Detoxification | 62 (27.4) | 16 (72.7) | 25.8 | 1.2 (1.1-1.4) | 1.2 (1.1-1.3) | 0.0023 |
Model 3: Referral Cards Only | 52 (23.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.0 | 0.95 (0.83-1.1) | 0.99 (0.90-1.1) | 0.0757 |
Baseline covariates | ||||||
Age (years) | ||||||
18 - 24 | 23 (10.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | - |
25 - 34 | 122 (54.0) | 13 (59.1) | 10.7 | 0.97 (0.81-1.2) | 1.0 (0.84-1.2) | 0.9966 |
35 - 44 | 63 (27.9) | 9 (40.9) | 14.3 | 1.1 (0.97-1.3) | 1.1 (0.96-1.3) | 0.1662 |
≥ 45 | 18 (8.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.0 | 0.97 (0.81-1.2) | 1.0 (0.84-1.2) | 0.9966 |
Gender | ||||||
Female | 9 (4.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | - |
Male | 217 (96.0) | 22 (100) | 10.1 | 1.2 (0.96-1.4) | 0.96 (0.81-1.1) | 0.6477 |
Ethnicity | ||||||
Minority | 88 (38.9) | 13 (59.1) | 14.8 | 1.0 | 1.0 | - |
Han | 138 (61.1) | 9 (40.9) | 6.5 | 0.93 (0.86-1.0) | 0.96 (0.90-1.0) | 0.2631 |
Education level | ||||||
< Primary school | 121 (52.5) | 5 (22.7) | 4.1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | - |
Junior high school | 87 (38.5) | 13 (59.1) | 14.9 | 1.1 (1.0-1.2) | 1.0 (0.95-1.1) | 0.6598 |
≥ Senior high school | 18 (8.0) | 4 (18.2) | 22.2 | 1.2 (1.0-1.4) | 1.1 (0.92-1.2) | 0.4434 |
Marital status | ||||||
Never married | 102 (45.1) | 16 (72.7) | 15.7 | 1.0 | 1.0 | - |
Married | 95 (42.0) | 5 (22.7) | 5.3 | 0.90 (0.83-0.97) | 0.94 (0.87-1.0) | 0.1041 |
Divorced or widowed | 29 (12.8) | 1 (4.5) | 3.4 | 0.89 (0.80-1.0) | 0.91 (0.81-1.0) | 0.0932 |
HIV status | ||||||
Negative | 158 (69.9) | 11 (50.0) | 7.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | - |
Positive | 68 (30.1) | 11 (50.0) | 16.2 | 0.94 (0.86-1.0) | 0.98 (0.90-1.1) | 0.6770 |
History of heroin use (years) | ||||||
< 1 | 30 (13.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | - |
1-5 | 71 (31.4) | 3 (13.6) | 4.2 | 1.1 (1.0-1.3) | 1.0 (0.93-1.2) | 0.4783 |
6-10 | 57 (25.2) | 9 (40.9) | 15.8 | 1.2 (1.0-1.3) | 1.0 (0.93-1.2) | 0.4948 |
> 10 | 68 (30.1) | 10 (45.5) | 14.7 | 1.1 (1.0-1.3) | 1.0 (0.93-1.2) | 0.4783 |
Prior participation in a needle-exchange program | ||||||
No | 220 (97.3) | 21 (95.5) | 9.5 | 1.0 | 1.0 | - |
Yes | 6 (2.7) | 1 (4.5) | 16.7 | 1.1 (0.90-1.4) | 1.2 (0.97-1.5) | 0.0880 |
Prior participation in an MMT program | 0.0 | |||||
No | 192 (85.0) | 5 (22.7) | 2.6 | 1.0 | 1.0 | - |
Yes | 34 (15.0) | 17 (77.3) | 50.0 | 1.6 (1.4-1.7) | 1.5 (1.3-1.6) | <0.0001 |
Willingness to participate in an MMT program | ||||||
No | 109 (48.2) | 6 (27.3) | 5.5 | 1.0 | 1.0 | - |
Yes | 116 (51.3) | 16 (72.7) | 13.8 | 1.0 (0.97-1.1) | 0.98 (0.92-1.1) | 0.6527 |
Distance from home to the nearest MMT clinic (km) | ||||||
> 10 | 118 (52.2) | 5 (22.7) | 4.2 | 1.0 | 1.0 | - |
5-10 | 41 (18.1) | 5 (22.7) | 12.2 | 1.1 (0.98-1.1) | 1.1 (0.96-1.1) | 0.2565 |
< 5 | 67 (29.6) | 12 (54.5) | 17.9 | 1.2 (1.1-1.3) | 1.0 (0.95-1.1) | 0.4387 |
Overall | 226 (100.0) | 22 (100.0) | 9.7 | - | - | - |