| |
Chinese
| |
Malays
| |
Indians
| |
|---|
|
Variable
|
Prehypertension absent
|
Prehypertension present
|
p valueα
|
Prehypertension absent
|
Prehypertension present
|
p valueα
|
Prehypertension absent
|
Prehypertension present
|
p valueα
|
|---|
|
(n = 473)
|
(n = 704)
|
(n = 241)
|
(n = 533)
|
(n = 417)
|
(n = 568)
|
|---|
|
Age β (years)
|
53.0 ± 6.5
|
55.3 ± 7.8
|
< 0.001
|
49.1 ± 8.0
|
52.6 ± 9.4
|
< 0.001
|
51.0 ± 7.1
|
52.8 ± 7.7
|
< 0.001
|
|
Sex β, female (%)
|
313 (66.2)
|
358 (50.9)
|
< 0.001
|
120 (49.8)
|
244 (45.8)
|
0.300
|
243 (58.3)
|
275 (48.4)
|
0.002
|
|
Education β, (%)
| | | | | | | | | |
|
primary/below
|
161 (34.0)
|
312 (44.3)
|
< 0.001
|
129 (53.5)
|
301 (56.5)
|
0.724
|
152 (36.5)
|
279 (49.1)
|
0.002
|
|
Secondary
|
228 (48.2)
|
319 (45.3)
| |
106 (44.0)
|
221 (41.5)
| |
189 (45.3)
|
219 (38.6)
| |
|
Tertiary
|
84 (17.8)
|
73 (10.4)
| |
6 (2.5)
|
11 (2.1)
| |
76 (18.2)
|
70 (12.3)
| |
|
Income level β, (%)
| | | | | | | | | |
|
< SGD1000
|
127 (28.0)
|
243 (36.0)
|
0.015
|
120 (50)
|
282 (52.3)
|
0.497
|
138 (33.8)
|
225 (39.2)
|
0.171
|
|
≥ SGD1000- < SGD3000
|
201 (44.3)
|
277 (41.0)
| |
107 (44.2)
|
216 (40.1)
| |
174 (42.7)
|
235 (40.9)
| |
|
≥ SGD3000
|
126 (27.8)
|
156 (23.1)
| |
15 (6.2)
|
41 (7.6)
| |
96 (23.5)
|
114 (19.9)
| |
|
Smoking status
| | | | | | | | | |
|
Never
|
384 (80.8)
|
523 (74.2)
|
0.028
|
130 (53.7)
|
301 (55.8)
|
0.764
|
318 (74.8)
|
430 (73.6)
|
0.912
|
|
Past
|
39 (8.2)
|
75 (10.6)
| |
32 (13.2)
|
74 (13.7)
| |
35 (8.2)
|
50 (8.6)
| |
|
Current
|
52 (11.0)
|
107 (15.2)
| |
80 (33.1)
|
164 (30.4)
| |
72 (16.9)
|
104 (17.8)
| |
|
Alcohol consumption (%)
|
53 (11.2)
|
85 (12.1)
|
0.638
|
10 (4.2)
|
9 (1.7)
|
0.039
|
39 (9.1)
|
83 (14.2)
|
0.014
|
|
Systolic BP (mm Hg)
|
110.1 ± 6.9
|
128.9 ± 5.9
|
< 0.001
|
112.0 ± 6.2
|
129.4 ± 6.1
|
< 0.001
|
110.1 ± 6.8
|
128.6 ± 5.9
|
< 0.001
|
|
Diastolic BP β (mm Hg)
|
68.0 ± 5.8
|
76.5 ± 6.6
|
< 0.001
|
68.3 ± 5.0
|
75.9 ± 6.8
|
< 0.001
|
69.2 ± 5.2
|
77.2 ± 6.6
|
< 0.001
|
|
BMI β (kg/m2)
|
22.0 ± 3.1
|
23.2 ± 3.4
|
< 0.001
|
23.2 ± 4.2
|
25.4 ± 4.6
|
< 0.001
|
24.7 ± 4.3
|
25.9 ± 4.4
|
< 0.001
|
|
HDL-cholesterol β (mmol/l)
|
1.4 ± 0.4
|
1.4 ± 0.4
|
< 0.001
|
1.4 ± 0.3
|
1.4 ± 0.3
|
< 0.001
|
1.1 ± 0.3
|
1.1 ± 0.3
|
< 0.001
|
|
LDL-Cholesterol (mmol/l)
|
3.33 ± 0.8
|
3.47 ± 0.8
|
< 0.001
|
3.53 ± 0.8
|
3.67 ± 0.8
|
< 0.001
|
3.46 ± 1.0
|
3.59 ± 0.9
|
< 0.001
|
|
Triglycerides β (mmol/l)
|
1.7 ± 1.0
|
1.9 ± 0.9
|
< 0.001
|
1.2 ± 1.0
|
1.5 ± 1.2
|
< 0.001
|
1.6 ± 0.9
|
1.8 ± 1.0
|
< 0.001
|
|
Plasma glucose β (mmol/l)
|
5.4 ± 1.1
|
5.7 ± 1.2
|
< 0.001
|
5.0 ± 1.1
|
5.2 ± 1.1
|
< 0.001
|
5.4 ± 1.1
|
5.6 ± 1.3
|
< 0.001
|
|
HbA1c
β, (%)
|
5.7 ± 0.3
|
5.8 ± 0.4
|
< 0.001
|
5.6 ± 0.4
|
5.8 ± 0.6
|
< 0.001
|
5.6 ± 0.4
|
5.8 ± 0.5
|
< 0.001
|
- Data are normally distributed and presented as means (standard deviation) or number (%).
-
α Significant differences within races, p < 0.05.
-
β difference between the three races, p < 0.05.
