Table 2 Characteristics of the study population by prehypertension status in three multi-ethnic cohorts (n = 2936)
Chinese | Malays | Indians | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Prehypertension absent | Prehypertension present | p valueα | Prehypertension absent | Prehypertension present | p valueα | Prehypertension absent | Prehypertension present | p valueα |
(n = 473) | (n = 704) | (n = 241) | (n = 533) | (n = 417) | (n = 568) | ||||
Age β (years) | 53.0 ± 6.5 | 55.3 ± 7.8 | < 0.001 | 49.1 ± 8.0 | 52.6 ± 9.4 | < 0.001 | 51.0 ± 7.1 | 52.8 ± 7.7 | < 0.001 |
Sex β, female (%) | 313 (66.2) | 358 (50.9) | < 0.001 | 120 (49.8) | 244 (45.8) | 0.300 | 243 (58.3) | 275 (48.4) | 0.002 |
Education β, (%) | |||||||||
primary/below | 161 (34.0) | 312 (44.3) | < 0.001 | 129 (53.5) | 301 (56.5) | 0.724 | 152 (36.5) | 279 (49.1) | 0.002 |
Secondary | 228 (48.2) | 319 (45.3) | 106 (44.0) | 221 (41.5) | 189 (45.3) | 219 (38.6) | |||
Tertiary | 84 (17.8) | 73 (10.4) | 6 (2.5) | 11 (2.1) | 76 (18.2) | 70 (12.3) | |||
Income level β, (%) | |||||||||
< SGD1000 | 127 (28.0) | 243 (36.0) | 0.015 | 120 (50) | 282 (52.3) | 0.497 | 138 (33.8) | 225 (39.2) | 0.171 |
≥ SGD1000- < SGD3000 | 201 (44.3) | 277 (41.0) | 107 (44.2) | 216 (40.1) | 174 (42.7) | 235 (40.9) | |||
≥ SGD3000 | 126 (27.8) | 156 (23.1) | 15 (6.2) | 41 (7.6) | 96 (23.5) | 114 (19.9) | |||
Smoking status | |||||||||
Never | 384 (80.8) | 523 (74.2) | 0.028 | 130 (53.7) | 301 (55.8) | 0.764 | 318 (74.8) | 430 (73.6) | 0.912 |
Past | 39 (8.2) | 75 (10.6) | 32 (13.2) | 74 (13.7) | 35 (8.2) | 50 (8.6) | |||
Current | 52 (11.0) | 107 (15.2) | 80 (33.1) | 164 (30.4) | 72 (16.9) | 104 (17.8) | |||
Alcohol consumption (%) | 53 (11.2) | 85 (12.1) | 0.638 | 10 (4.2) | 9 (1.7) | 0.039 | 39 (9.1) | 83 (14.2) | 0.014 |
Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 110.1 ± 6.9 | 128.9 ± 5.9 | < 0.001 | 112.0 ± 6.2 | 129.4 ± 6.1 | < 0.001 | 110.1 ± 6.8 | 128.6 ± 5.9 | < 0.001 |
Diastolic BP β (mm Hg) | 68.0 ± 5.8 | 76.5 ± 6.6 | < 0.001 | 68.3 ± 5.0 | 75.9 ± 6.8 | < 0.001 | 69.2 ± 5.2 | 77.2 ± 6.6 | < 0.001 |
BMI β (kg/m2) | 22.0 ± 3.1 | 23.2 ± 3.4 | < 0.001 | 23.2 ± 4.2 | 25.4 ± 4.6 | < 0.001 | 24.7 ± 4.3 | 25.9 ± 4.4 | < 0.001 |
HDL-cholesterol β (mmol/l) | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.4 | < 0.001 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | < 0.001 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | < 0.001 |
LDL-Cholesterol (mmol/l) | 3.33 ± 0.8 | 3.47 ± 0.8 | < 0.001 | 3.53 ± 0.8 | 3.67 ± 0.8 | < 0.001 | 3.46 ± 1.0 | 3.59 ± 0.9 | < 0.001 |
Triglycerides β (mmol/l) | 1.7 ± 1.0 | 1.9 ± 0.9 | < 0.001 | 1.2 ± 1.0 | 1.5 ± 1.2 | < 0.001 | 1.6 ± 0.9 | 1.8 ± 1.0 | < 0.001 |
Plasma glucose β (mmol/l) | 5.4 ± 1.1 | 5.7 ± 1.2 | < 0.001 | 5.0 ± 1.1 | 5.2 ± 1.1 | < 0.001 | 5.4 ± 1.1 | 5.6 ± 1.3 | < 0.001 |
HbA1c β, (%) | 5.7 ± 0.3 | 5.8 ± 0.4 | < 0.001 | 5.6 ± 0.4 | 5.8 ± 0.6 | < 0.001 | 5.6 ± 0.4 | 5.8 ± 0.5 | < 0.001 |