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Table 3 Effect (odds ratios with 95% CI) of legumes intake and selected factors on the risk of diabetes among women (n=99,574), India, 2005-2007

From: Association between legume intake and self-reported diabetes among adult men and women in India

Predictors and confounders

Model 1 OR [95% CI]

Model 2 OR [95% CI]

Model 3 OR [95% CI]

Model 4 OR [95% CI]

p value for trend

Legumes intake

    

0.409

 Daily

0.43[0.27–0.67]

0.53[0.33–0.85]

0.46[0.29–0.74]

0.55[0.34–0.88]

 

 Weekly

0.41[0.26–0.65]

0.56[0.35–0.89]

0.51[0.32–0.82]

0.56[0.35–0.90]

 

 Occasionally

0.57[0.36–0.92]

0.71[0.44–1.16]

0.71[0.43–1.15]

0.74[0.45–1.20]

 

 NeverR

1.00[Reference]

1.00[Reference]

1.00[Reference]

1.00[Reference]

 

Consumption of other food items

     

Milk or curd

    

0.005

 Daily

 

1.09[0.87–1.37]

 

1.05[0.83–1.32]

 

 Weekly

 

0.99[0.76–1.29]

 

1.00[0.77–1.30]

 

 Occasionally

 

1.02[0.81–1.27]

 

1.01[0.81–1.27]

 

 NeverR

 

1.00[Reference]

 

1.00[Reference]

 

Green leafy vegetables

    

0.742

 Daily

 

0.90[0.70–1.15]

 

0.88[0.69–1.14]

 

 Weekly

 

0.99[0.77–1.28]

 

1.00[0.77–1.29]

 

 Never/occasionallyR

 

1.00[Reference]

 

1.00[Reference]

 

Fruits

    

<0.0001

 Daily

 

0.45[0.32–0.62]

 

0.44[0.32–0.61]

 

 Weekly

 

0.37[0.27–0.50]

 

0.36[0.27–0.49]

 

 Occasionally

 

0.45[0.34–0.60]

 

0.46[0.34–0.61]

 

 NeverR

 

1.00[Reference]

 

1.00[Reference]

 

Eggs

    

0.106

 Daily

 

1.06[0.75–1.50]

 

0.99[0.69–1.41]

 

 Weekly

 

0.97[0.76–1.23]

 

0.97[0.76–1.25]

 

 Occasionally

 

0.93[0.72–1.16]

 

0.96[0.75–1.22]

 

 NeverR

 

1.00[Reference]

 

1.00[Reference]

 

Fish

    

0.225

 Daily

 

1.25[0.91–1.70]

 

1.15[0.84–1.58]

 

 Weekly

 

1.12[0.84–1.48]

 

1.05[0.79–1.40]

 

 Occasionally

 

0.83[0.63–1.08]

 

0.81[0.61–1.07]

 

 NeverR

 

1.00[Reference]

 

1.00[Reference]

 

Chicken or meat

    

0.267

 Daily

 

1.18[0.64–2.17]

 

1.05[0.55–1.98]

 

 Weekly

 

1.02[0.76–1.38]

 

1.02[0.77–1.38]

 

 Occasionally

 

1.12[0.84–1.47]

 

1.11[0.84–1.48]

 

 NeverR

 

1.00[Reference]

 

1.00[Reference]

 

Body mass index and lifestyle factors

     

Body mass index (kg/m 2 )

    

<0.0001

≤18.5 (Underweight)

  

0.78[0.63–0.97]

0.79[0.63–0.98]

 

18.5–22.9 (Normal)R

  

1.00[Reference]

1.00[Reference]

 

23.0–24.9 (Overweight)

  

1.69[1.39–2.07]

1.67[1.37–2.04]

 

≥25.0 (Obese)

  

2.52[2.13–2.95]

2.50[2.13–2.94]

 

Current Tobacco smoking

    

0.703

 NoR

  

1.00[Reference]

1.00[Reference]

 

 Yes

  

1.26[0.79–2.02]

1.24[0.77–2.00]

 

Alcohol consumption

    

0.015

 NeverR

  

1.00[Reference]

1.00[Reference]

 

 Occasionally

  

0.85[0.40–1.80]

0.86[0.40–1.83]

 

 Once a week

  

0.46[0.14–1.53]

0.51[0.15–1.68]

 

 Almost everyday

  

0.53[0.10–2.84]

0.63[0.12–3.37]

 

Frequency of watching TV

    

<0.0001

 Not at allR

  

1.00[Reference]

1.00[Reference]

 

 Less than once a week

  

0.97[0.74–1.21]

0.96[0.75–1.22]

 

 At least once a week

  

0.81[0.62–1.03]

0.80[0.62–1.03]

 

 Almost everyday

  

0.88[0.76–1.12]

0.91[0.75–1.11]

 

Background factors

     

Age

    

<0.0001

 20–29R

   

1.00[Reference]

 

 30–39

   

3.29[2.64–4.09]

 

 40–49

   

7.82[6.32–9.68]

 

Education

    

<0.0001

IlliterateR

   

1.00[Reference]

 

Literate, < middle school

   

1.38[1.14–1.68]

 

Middle school completed

   

1.49[1.24–1.79]

 

High school complete and above

   

0.99[0.73–1.34]

 

Religion

    

0.215

 HinduR

   

1.00[Reference]

 

 Muslim

   

1.23[1.01–1.51]

 

 Christian

   

1.58[1.17–2.14]

 

 Sikhs

   

0.97[0.61–1.56]

 

 Others

   

1.12[0.66–1.92]

 

Caste/tribe

    

0.125

 Scheduled casteR

   

1.00[Reference]

 

 Scheduled tribes

   

0.56[0.37–0.86]

 

 Other backward class

   

0.87[0.71–1.05]

 

 Others

   

0.97[0.79–1.18]

 

 Missing caste

   

0.85[0.58–1.25]

 

Wealth index

    

<0.0001

 LowestR

   

1.00[Reference]

 

 Second

   

1.64[1.22–2.21]

 

 Middle

   

1.41[1.03–1.92]

 

 Fourth

   

1.87[1.36–2.57]

 

 Highest

   

1.93[1.35–2.74]

 

Place of residence

    

<0.0001

 Urban

   

1.45[1.25–1.69]

 

 RuralR

   

1.00[Reference]

 

Geographic regions

    

<0.0001

 NorthR

   

1.00[Reference]

 

 Northeast

   

1.08[0.67–1.73]

 

 Central

   

1.05[0.80–1.39]

 

 East

   

2.21[1.67–2.91]

 

 West

   

0.97[0.73–1.29]

 

 South

   

1.71[1.31–2.24]

 

Number of cases

100,380

100,224

95,831

95,706

 
  1. For variable definition see Table 1; RReference category; Model 1 unadjusted; Model 2 adjusted for consumption of other food items and background characteristics; Model 3 adjusted for BMI and other lifestyle indicators and background characteristics; Model 4 adjusted for all.