From: Association between legume intake and self-reported diabetes among adult men and women in India
Predictors and confounders | Model 1 OR [95% CI] | Model 2 OR [95% CI] | Model 3 OR [95% CI] | Model 4 OR [95% CI] | p value for trend |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Legumes intake | 0.409 | ||||
Daily | 0.43[0.27–0.67] | 0.53[0.33–0.85] | 0.46[0.29–0.74] | 0.55[0.34–0.88] | |
Weekly | 0.41[0.26–0.65] | 0.56[0.35–0.89] | 0.51[0.32–0.82] | 0.56[0.35–0.90] | |
Occasionally | 0.57[0.36–0.92] | 0.71[0.44–1.16] | 0.71[0.43–1.15] | 0.74[0.45–1.20] | |
NeverR | 1.00[Reference] | 1.00[Reference] | 1.00[Reference] | 1.00[Reference] | |
Consumption of other food items | |||||
Milk or curd | 0.005 | ||||
Daily | 1.09[0.87–1.37] | 1.05[0.83–1.32] | |||
Weekly | 0.99[0.76–1.29] | 1.00[0.77–1.30] | |||
Occasionally | 1.02[0.81–1.27] | 1.01[0.81–1.27] | |||
NeverR | 1.00[Reference] | 1.00[Reference] | |||
Green leafy vegetables | 0.742 | ||||
Daily | 0.90[0.70–1.15] | 0.88[0.69–1.14] | |||
Weekly | 0.99[0.77–1.28] | 1.00[0.77–1.29] | |||
Never/occasionallyR | 1.00[Reference] | 1.00[Reference] | |||
Fruits | <0.0001 | ||||
Daily | 0.45[0.32–0.62] | 0.44[0.32–0.61] | |||
Weekly | 0.37[0.27–0.50] | 0.36[0.27–0.49] | |||
Occasionally | 0.45[0.34–0.60] | 0.46[0.34–0.61] | |||
NeverR | 1.00[Reference] | 1.00[Reference] | |||
Eggs | 0.106 | ||||
Daily | 1.06[0.75–1.50] | 0.99[0.69–1.41] | |||
Weekly | 0.97[0.76–1.23] | 0.97[0.76–1.25] | |||
Occasionally | 0.93[0.72–1.16] | 0.96[0.75–1.22] | |||
NeverR | 1.00[Reference] | 1.00[Reference] | |||
Fish | 0.225 | ||||
Daily | 1.25[0.91–1.70] | 1.15[0.84–1.58] | |||
Weekly | 1.12[0.84–1.48] | 1.05[0.79–1.40] | |||
Occasionally | 0.83[0.63–1.08] | 0.81[0.61–1.07] | |||
NeverR | 1.00[Reference] | 1.00[Reference] | |||
Chicken or meat | 0.267 | ||||
Daily | 1.18[0.64–2.17] | 1.05[0.55–1.98] | |||
Weekly | 1.02[0.76–1.38] | 1.02[0.77–1.38] | |||
Occasionally | 1.12[0.84–1.47] | 1.11[0.84–1.48] | |||
NeverR | 1.00[Reference] | 1.00[Reference] | |||
Body mass index and lifestyle factors | |||||
Body mass index (kg/m 2 ) | <0.0001 | ||||
≤18.5 (Underweight) | 0.78[0.63–0.97] | 0.79[0.63–0.98] | |||
18.5–22.9 (Normal)R | 1.00[Reference] | 1.00[Reference] | |||
23.0–24.9 (Overweight) | 1.69[1.39–2.07] | 1.67[1.37–2.04] | |||
≥25.0 (Obese) | 2.52[2.13–2.95] | 2.50[2.13–2.94] | |||
Current Tobacco smoking | 0.703 | ||||
NoR | 1.00[Reference] | 1.00[Reference] | |||
Yes | 1.26[0.79–2.02] | 1.24[0.77–2.00] | |||
Alcohol consumption | 0.015 | ||||
NeverR | 1.00[Reference] | 1.00[Reference] | |||
Occasionally | 0.85[0.40–1.80] | 0.86[0.40–1.83] | |||
Once a week | 0.46[0.14–1.53] | 0.51[0.15–1.68] | |||
Almost everyday | 0.53[0.10–2.84] | 0.63[0.12–3.37] | |||
Frequency of watching TV | <0.0001 | ||||
Not at allR | 1.00[Reference] | 1.00[Reference] | |||
Less than once a week | 0.97[0.74–1.21] | 0.96[0.75–1.22] | |||
At least once a week | 0.81[0.62–1.03] | 0.80[0.62–1.03] | |||
Almost everyday | 0.88[0.76–1.12] | 0.91[0.75–1.11] | |||
Background factors | |||||
Age | <0.0001 | ||||
20–29R | 1.00[Reference] | ||||
30–39 | 3.29[2.64–4.09] | ||||
40–49 | 7.82[6.32–9.68] | ||||
Education | <0.0001 | ||||
IlliterateR | 1.00[Reference] | ||||
Literate, < middle school | 1.38[1.14–1.68] | ||||
Middle school completed | 1.49[1.24–1.79] | ||||
High school complete and above | 0.99[0.73–1.34] | ||||
Religion | 0.215 | ||||
HinduR | 1.00[Reference] | ||||
Muslim | 1.23[1.01–1.51] | ||||
Christian | 1.58[1.17–2.14] | ||||
Sikhs | 0.97[0.61–1.56] | ||||
Others | 1.12[0.66–1.92] | ||||
Caste/tribe | 0.125 | ||||
Scheduled casteR | 1.00[Reference] | ||||
Scheduled tribes | 0.56[0.37–0.86] | ||||
Other backward class | 0.87[0.71–1.05] | ||||
Others | 0.97[0.79–1.18] | ||||
Missing caste | 0.85[0.58–1.25] | ||||
Wealth index | <0.0001 | ||||
LowestR | 1.00[Reference] | ||||
Second | 1.64[1.22–2.21] | ||||
Middle | 1.41[1.03–1.92] | ||||
Fourth | 1.87[1.36–2.57] | ||||
Highest | 1.93[1.35–2.74] | ||||
Place of residence | <0.0001 | ||||
Urban | 1.45[1.25–1.69] | ||||
RuralR | 1.00[Reference] | ||||
Geographic regions | <0.0001 | ||||
NorthR | 1.00[Reference] | ||||
Northeast | 1.08[0.67–1.73] | ||||
Central | 1.05[0.80–1.39] | ||||
East | 2.21[1.67–2.91] | ||||
West | 0.97[0.73–1.29] | ||||
South | 1.71[1.31–2.24] | ||||
Number of cases | 100,380 | 100,224 | 95,831 | 95,706 |