Association between legume intake and self-reported diabetes among adult men and women in India

Agrawal, Sutapa; Ebrahim, Shah

doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-706

BMC Public Health

Table 2 Effect (odds ratios with 95% CI) of legume intake and selected factors on the risk of diabetes among men (n=56,742), India, 2005-06

From: Association between legume intake and self-reported diabetes among adult men and women in India

Predictors and confounders	Model 1 OR [95% CI]	Model 2 OR [95% CI]	Model 3 OR [95% CI]	Model 4 OR [95% CI]	p value for trend
Legumes intake					<0.0001
Daily	0.57[0.32–0.99]	0.68[0.38–1.22]	0.62[0.35–1.11]	0.70[0.39–1.26]
Weekly	0.39[0.22–0.69]	0.56[0.31–1.00]	0.51[0.28–0.91]	0.54[0.30–0.98]
Occasionally	0.42[0.23–0.79]	0.54[0.29–1.03]	0.52[0.28–0.99]	0.56[0.30–1.07]
Never^R	1.00[Reference]	1.00[Reference]	1.00[Reference]	1.00[Reference]
Consumption of other food items
Milk or curd					<0.0001
Daily		0.84[0.63–1.12]		0.79[0.60–1.06]
Weekly		0.71[0.52–0.98]		0.64[0.47–0.88]
Occasionally		0.64[0.48–0.87]		0.60[0.44–0.81]
Never^R		1.00[Reference]		1.00[Reference]
Green leafy vegetables					0.002
Daily		1.04[0.72–1.49]		1.00[0.69–1.43]
Weekly		1.17[0.81–1.69]		1.15[0.79–1.66]
Never/Occasionally		1.00[Reference]		1.00[Reference]
Fruits					<0.0001
Daily		0.34[0.23–0.51]		0.35[0.22–0.50]
Weekly		0.35[0.24–0.51]		0.38[0.23–0.49]
Occasionally		0.39[0.28–0.56]		0.43[0.28–0.56]
Never ^R		1.00[Reference]		1.00[Reference]
Eggs					0.017
Daily		1.59[1.05–2.39]		1.28[0.84–1.94]
Weekly		1.34[0.97–1.83]		1.18[0.86–1.62]
Occasionally		1.09[0.80–1.49]		1.07[0.79–1.47]
Never^R		1.00[Reference]		1.00[Reference]
Fish					0.109
Daily		1.52[1.03–2.25]		1.55[1.04–2.33]
Weekly		1.32[0.94–1.87]		1.32[0.92–1.89]
Occasionally		1.11[0.82–1.50]		1.14[0.81–1.60]
Never^R		1.00[Reference]		1.00[Reference]
Chicken or meat					0.568
Daily		0.35[0.14–0.86]		0.31[0.12–0.82]
Weekly		0.93[0.63–1.35]		0.88[0.65–1.42]
Occasionally		0.83[0.58–1.19]		0.72[0.55–1.15]
Never^R		1.00[Reference]		1.00[Reference]
Body mass index and lifestyle factors
Body mass index (kg/m ² )					<0.0001
≤18.5 (Underweight)			0.93[0.73–1.18]	0.92[0.72–1.16]
18.5–22.9 (Normal)^R			1.00[Reference]	1.00[Reference]
23.0–24.9 (Overweight)			1.67[1.34–2.09]	1.61[1.29–2.00]
≥25.0 (Obese)			1.84[1.49–2.27]	1.83[1.49–2.27]
Current tobacco smoking					<0.0001
No^R			1.00[Reference]	1.00[Reference]
Yes			0.93[0.79–1.10]	0.92[0.78–1.09]
Alcohol consumption					0.016
Never^R			1.00[Reference]	1.00[Reference]
Occasionally			1.15[0.95–1.40]	1.15[0.94–1.39]
Once a week			0.96[0.73–1.26]	0.94[0.71–1.23]
Almost everyday			0.97[0.66–1.44]	0.97[0.65–1.44]
Frequency of watching TV					<0.0001
Not at all^R			1.00[Reference]	1.00[Reference]
Less than once a week			0.86[0.65–1.14]	0.90[0.67–1.19]
At least once a week			1.23[0.92–1.63]	1.24[0.93–1.65]
Almost everyday			0.84[0.64–1.10]	0.92[0.70–1.22]
Background factors
Age					<0.0001
20–29^R				1.00[Reference]
30–39				2.12[1.62–2.76]
40–49				6.96[5.46–8.87]
Education					<0.0001
Illiterate^R				1.00[Reference]
Literate, <middle school				0.78[0.60–1.01]
Middle school completed				0.75[0.57–0.94]
High school complete and above				0.72[0.53–0.99]
Religion					0.092
Hindu^R				1.00[Reference]
Muslim				1.22[0.94–1.58]
Christian				0.67[0.41–1.09]
Sikhs				1.63[0.92–2.89]
Others				0.51[0.20–1.28]
Caste/tribe					0.001
Scheduled caste^R				1.00[Reference]
Scheduled tribes				0.49[0.29–0.70]
Other backward class				0.71[0.62–0.97]
Others				0.78[0.62–0.99]
Missing caste				1.15[0.84–1.94]
Wealth index					<0.0001
Lowest^R				1.00[Reference]
Second				1.36[0.99–1.88]
Middle				0.92[0.64–1.32]
Fourth				1.74[1.21–2.49]
Highest				3.48[2.33–5.19]
Place of residence					<0.0001
Urban				1.07[0.89–1.29]
Rural^R				1.00[Reference]
Geographic regions					<0.0001
North^R				1.00[Reference]
Northeast				2.02[1.14–3.58]
Central				1.44[0.98–2.13]
East				3.06[2.09–4.48]
West				1.49[1.01–2.20]
South				3.27[2.27–4.71]
Number of cases	56,729	56,665	52,746	52,693

For variable definition see Table 1; ^RReference category; Model 1 unadjusted; Model 2 adjusted for consumption of other food items and background factors; Model 3 adjusted for BMI and other lifestyle indicators and background factors; Model 4 adjusted for all.
p-Likelihood ratio test for no difference between the three groups for age and standard of living index ignoring the correlated data. As the urban group was expected to have the highest and the rural group the lowest levels of risk factors and disease,.
trend tests were carried out scoring the groups 1 to 3 and using likelihood ratio tests.

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