|
Adjusted for
|
Grip strength
|
Balance
|
Chair stands
|
Walking speed
|
|---|
|
(n = 3155)
|
(n = 3212)
|
(n = 3212)
|
(n = 3212)
|
|---|
|
Age and gender
|
|
High school
|
1.5 (−1.6-4.7)
|
6.7 (−0.4-14.4)
|
9.7 (−2.2-23.0)
|
7.3 (3.4-11.4) ***
|
|
University
|
4.1 (0.6-7.7)*
|
22.8 (14.1-32.3)***
|
26.3 (12.3-42.1) ***
|
17.8 (13.1-22.7) ***
|
|
+ Chronic diseases
|
|
High school
|
1.2 (−1.9-4.4)
|
6.4 (−0.6-13.8)
|
10.5 (−1.1-23.4)
|
7.1 (3.3-11.0) ***
|
|
University
|
3.6 (0.1-7.1)*
|
21.2 (12.7-30.2) ***
|
25.6 (12.2-40.5) ***
|
16.8 (12.4-21.4) ***
|
|
+ Physical exercise
|
|
High school
|
1.1 (−2.0-4.3)
|
3.5 (−3.1-10.6)
|
4.7 (−5.7-16.3)
|
5.0 (1.6-8.6) **
|
|
University
|
3.3 (−0.2-6.9)
|
16.0 (8.0-24.6) ***
|
15.6 (3.8-28.9) **
|
13.1 (9.0-17.2) ***
|
|
+ Body mass index
|
|
High school
|
1.2 (−1.9-4.4)
|
5.1 (−1.8-12.5)
|
6.9 (−4.3-19.5)
|
5.8 (2.2-9.6) **
|
|
University
|
3.6 (0.2-7.2)*
|
18.8 (10.4-27.9) ***
|
20.7 (7.6-35.4) **
|
15.0 (10.6-19.6) ***
|
|
+ Smoking
|
|
High school
|
1.5 (−1.6-4.8)
|
6.9 (−0.3-14.6)
|
10.1 (−1.9-23.4)
|
7.4 (3.5-11.5) ***
|
|
University
|
4.1 (0.6-7.7)*
|
22.8 (14.1-32.3) ***
|
26.4 (12.4-42.2) ***
|
17.8 (13.2-22.7) ***
|
|
+ Alcohol
|
|
High school
|
1.1 (−2.1-4.3)
|
3.8 (−3.2-11.4)
|
4.4 (−6.8-16.9)
|
4.9 (1.1-8.8) *
|
|
University
|
3.4 (−0.2-7.1)
|
18.2 (9.7-27.5) ***
|
17.5 (4.6-32.1) **
|
14.0 (9.5-18.6) ***
|
|
+ Chronic diseases and all lifestyle-related factors
|
|
High school
|
0.5 (−2.6-3.6)
|
1.5 (−5.0-8.4)
|
1.9 (−8.0-12.7)
|
3.1 (−0.1-6.4)
|
|
University
|
2.2 (−1.2-5.8)
|
11.5 (3.8-19.8) **
|
9.8 (−1.2-22.0)
|
9.5 (5.7-13.4) ***
|
- All models were adjusted for age and gender. In the other models, additional adjustments were made for chronic diseases, and each of the lifestyle-related factors, respectively. In the final model, age, gender, chronic diseases and all lifestyle-related factors were analysed together.
- * indicates p < 0.05; ** indicates p < 0.01; and *** indicates p < 0.001.
