Table 1 Characteristics of the study population according to the presence of metabolic syndrome
|  | Mean ± SD / Frequency (%) |  |  | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | All | Without MS | With MS | Â | Â |
Characteristic | (n = 184) | (n = 144) | (n = 40) | P | P1 |
Age, year | 61.1 ± 3.1 | 61.2 ± 3.1 | 60.9 ± 3.1 | 0.680 | — |
Marital status, now married | 139 (75.5) | 108 (75.0) | 31 (77.5) | 0.745 | — |
Education attainment, primary or above | 180 (97.8) | 141 (97.9) | 39 (97.5) | 0.873 | — |
Occupation, housewife | 132 (71.7) | 102 (70.8) | 30 (75.0) | 0.605 | — |
Medical history | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Hypertension | 37 (20.1) | 18 (12.5) | 19 (47.5) | 0.000 | — |
Hypercholesterolemia | 54 (30.5) | 42 (30.2) | 12 (31.6) | 0.872 | — |
Diabetes | 14 (7.7) | 4 (2.8) | 10 (25.0) | 0.000 | — |
Use of medication | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Anti-hypertensive | 34 (18.5) | 16 (11.1) | 18 (45.0) | 0.000 | — |
Lipid-lowering | 17 (9.2) | 12 (8.3) | 5 (12.5) | 0.421 | — |
Anti-diabetic | 13 (7.1) | 3 (2.1) | 10 (25.0) | 0.000 | — |
Anthropometric and metabolic factor | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 120.6 ± 17.5 | 118.2 ± 15.7 | 128.3 ± 20.5 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 71.9 ± 8.1 | 71.5 ± 7.9 | 73.0 ± 8.1 | 0.296 | 0.316 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 23.4 ± 3.0 | 22.7 ± 2.6 | 26.1 ± 2.9 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Waist circumference, cm | 78.5 ± 7.9 | 76.4 ± 7.0 | 86.0 ± 6.7 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Waist-hip-ratio | 0.85 ± 0.05 | 0.84 ± 0.05 | 0.88 ± 0.04 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.3 ± 0.9 | 5.4 ± 0.9 | 5.0 ± 0.7 | 0.018 | 0.020 |
HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.6 ± 0.5 | 1.8 ± 0.4 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
LDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 3.1 ± 0.8 | 3.2 ± 0.9 | 2.9 ± 0.6 | 0.034 | 0.098 |
Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.3 ± 0.8 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 2.2 ± 1.3 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Fasting blood glucose, mmol/L | 5.2 ± 0.9 | 5.0 ± 0.7 | 5.8 ± 1.1 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Lifestyle factor | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Current smoker | 2 (1.1) | 1 (0.7) | 1 (2.5) | 0.330 | — |
Regular drinking* | 9 (4.9) | 6 (4.2) | 3 (7.5) | 0.387 | — |
Dietary total calories intake, kcal/day | 1341.7 ± 400.9 | 1354.8 ± 380.8 | 1294.6 ± 468.7 | 0.403 | 0.377 |
PA, total index | 9.1 ± 1.5 | 9.2 ± 1.5 | 8.9 ± 1.2 | 0.394 | 0.364 |
CRF, VO2max, ml/kg/min | 22.8 ± 3.8 | 23.5 ± 3.4 | 20.1 ± 3.9 | 0.000 | 0.000 |