Table 3 Association between socio-demographic and clinical characteristics and a positive cervical screening test among HIV-infected women

Socio-demographic characteristics

Age category (years)

<0.0001*

0.0005*

   <30 (ref)

1.0

1.0

   30–34

0.8 (0.5–1.1)

(0.6–1.3)

   35–39

0.6 (0.4–0.9)

(0.5–1.1)

   ≥40

0.3 (0.2–0.5)

0.4 (0.2–0.7)

Age at first sexual intercourse (years)

0.06*

0.05*

   <15 (ref)

1.0

1.0

   15–19

0.9 (0.5–1.6)

0.8 (0.5–1.3)

   20–24

0.7 (0.4–1.3)

0.6 (0.4–1.1)

   ≥25

0.6 (0.2–1.3)

0.5 (0.2–1.2)

Number of sexual partners

0.2*

   ≤2 (ref)

1.0

   3–4

1.2 (0.5–2.8)

   ≥5

2.1 (0.7–6.1)

Total number of pregnancies

0.03*

0.1*

   0–2 (ref)

1.0

1.0

   3–4

0.8 (0.5–1.1)

0.7 (0.5–1.1)

   5–6

0.6 (0.4–1.0)

0.6 (0.4–1.1)

   ≥7

0.7 (0.4–1.1)

0.7 (0.4–1.3)

Total number of abortions

0.06*

0.007*

   0–2 (ref)

1.0

1.0

   3–4

1.5 (1.0–2.1)

1.7 (1.1–2.5)

   ≥5

1.4 (0.8–2.4)

1.8 (1.0–3.6)

Religion

0.04

0.09

   Islam (ref)

1.0

1.0

   Christian

1.7 (1.0–2.8)

1.5 (0.9–2.5)

Education

0.5

   None (ref)

1.0

   Quaranic

0.8 (0.1–6.3)

   Primary

(0.5–2.7)

   Secondary

(0.7–3.4)

   Tertiary

1.3 (0.6–2.8)

Marital Status

0.08

1.0

   Single (ref)

1.0

1.0

   Married

0.5 (0.4–0.8)

(0.6–1.2)

   Widowed

0.5 (0.3–0.8)

(0.6–1.6)

   Divorced

0.7 (0.4–1.3)

(0.6–1.9)

   Cohabiting

0.6 (0.1–4.1)

0.6 (0.1–4.1)

Occupation

0.6

   Employed (ref)

1.0

   Unemployed

(1.4–4.2)

   Student

(0.4–5.5)

   Other

1.0 (0.5–2.1)

   N/A

1.4 (0.4–5.3)

Contraceptive use

1.0 (0.7–1.4)

1.0

Hormonal contraceptives

0.6 (0.1–3.8)

0.5

Intrauterine devices

1.5 (0.5–4.5)

0.5

Barrier contraceptives

1.2 (0.8–1.7)

0.4

Clinical characteristics

BMI (kg/m²)

0.8

   <18.5 (ref)

1.0

   18.5–24.9

(0.7–1.5)

   25–29.9

0.6 (0.2–2.5)

   ≥30

1.0 (0.5–1.8)

Vaginal wall abnormality

0.0006

0.0007

   None (ref)

1.0

1.0

   Other

2.0 (1.3–2.9)

1.9 (1.3–2.8)

Last CD4 count (per mm³)

<0.0001*

<0.0001*

   <300 (ref)

1.0

1.0

   300–<450

0.5 (0.3–0.7)

(0.3–0.7)

   450–<650

0.5 (0.3–0.7)

0.5 (0.3–0.8)

   ≥650

0.3 (0.2–0.5)

0.3 (0.2–0.6)

WHO stage

1.0

   Stage 1 (ref)

1.0

   Stage 2

(0.2–1.4)

   Stage 3

1.3 (0.6–2.7)

   Stage 4

1.6 (0.2–10.2)

ART Regimen currently on

0.6

   TDF-containing ART

1.4(1.0–2.0)

   ZDV-containing ART

(1.0–2.2)

   d4T-containing ART

0.9 (0.4–2.1)