BMC Public Health

Table 2 Elders’ response in CES-D# scale and scores

From: The protective effect of taking care of grandchildren on elders’ mental health? Associations between changing patterns of intergenerational exchanges and the reduction of elders’ loneliness and depression between 1993 and 2007 in Taiwan

			Year
	Total		1993		1999		2007
	n = 5070		n = 914		n = 1792		n = 2292
Items	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	chi-sq	p-value
In a bad mood
none	3317	65.42	600	65.65	1159	64.68	1558	67.98	32.66	<0.0001
a little	524	10.34	68	7.44	231	12.89	225	9.82
sometimes	755	14.89	150	16.41	256	14.29	349	15.23
often or always	402	7.93	96	10.50	146	8.15	160	6.98
Lonely
none	3905	77.02	665	72.76	1336	74.55	1904	83.07	106.87	<0.0001
a little	343	6.77	44	4.81	176	9.82	123	5.37
sometimes	452	8.92	129	14.11	154	8.59	169	7.37
often or always	298	5.88	76	8.32	126	7.03	96	4.19
Unfriendly
none	4508	88.92	805	88.07	1563	87.22	2140	93.37	52.03	<0.0001
a little	249	4.91	48	5.25	121	6.75	80	3.49
sometimes	158	3.12	40	4.38	69	3.85	49	2.14
often or always	83	1.64	21	2.30	39	2.18	23	1.00
Felt sad
none	3998	78.86	694	75.93	1379	76.95	1925	83.99	57.36	<0.0001
a little	379	7.48	62	6.78	167	9.32	150	6.54
sometimes	402	7.93	103	11.27	152	8.48	147	6.41
often or always	219	4.32	55	6.02	94	5.25	70	3.05
Have no energy for things
none	3548	69.98	613	67.07	1211	67.58	1724	75.22	51.75	<0.0001
a little	471	9.29	72	7.88	199	11.10	200	8.73
sometimes	597	11.78	142	15.54	226	12.61	229	9.99
often or always	382	7.53	87	9.52	156	8.71	139	6.06
Total CES-D scores
0 ~ 5	4243	83.69	733	80.20	1483	82.76	2027	88.44	50.53	<0.0001
6 ~ 10	561	11.07	127	13.89	223	12.44	211	9.21
11 ~ 15	194	3.83	54	5.91	86	4.80	54	2.36

#CES-D referred to Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale.

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ISSN: 1471-2458

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