Contemporary factor | Baseline n (%) | Bivariate association | Multivariable model, 13533 observations, 6916 women | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) p value | N in model† | OR (95% CI) p value | |||
Age | 15-19 | 4861 (28.3) | - | - | - |
20-24 | 5018 (29.2) | - | - | - | |
25-34 | 5008 (29.2) | - | - | - | |
35-49 | 2285 (13.3) | - | - | ||
Continuous | 28.3 (8.3)§ | 0.99 (0.99, 0.99) p < 0.001 | 29659, 10954 | 0.99 (0.98, 1.00) p = 0.01 | |
Marital status | Never married | 3777 (21.9) | 1 | 29659, 10954 | 1 |
Previously married | 2287 (13.3) | 1.35 (1.20, 1.52) p < 0.001 | 1.08 (0.85, 1.38) p = 0.53 | ||
Currently married- polygamous | 2611 (15.2) | 1.75 (1.57, 1.95) p < 0.001 | 1.44 (0.92, 2.25) p = 0.11 | ||
Currently married- monogamous | 8562 (49.7) | 1.83 (1.66, 2.01) p < 0.001 | 1.32 (0.85, 2.04) p = 0.22 | ||
Religion | Catholic | 10115 (59.0) | 1 | 29592, 10898 | 1 |
Protestant | 3613 (21.1) | 0.99 (0.91, 1.07) p = 0.77 | 1.02 (0.92, 1.14) p = 0.66 | ||
Muslim | 2713 (15.8) | 0.82 (0.75, 0.89) p < 0.001 | 0.88 (0.77, 1.02) p = 0.08 | ||
Other | 708 (4.1) | 0.92 (0.78, 1.09) p = 0.34 | 1.00 (0.79, 1.28) p = 0.97 | ||
Occupation | Agriculture | 9601 (56.0) | 1 | 29658, 10953 | 1 |
Shopkeeper/trading/vending | 1510 (8.8) | 0.87 (0.79, 0.95) p = 0.003 | 0.92 (0.80, 1.06) p = 0.25 | ||
Housework | 1334 (7.8) | 1.02 (0.91, 1.16) p = 0.71 | 0.99 (0.80, 1.21) p = 0.90 | ||
Professional | 1171 (6.8) | 0.70 (0.62, 0.80) p < 0.001 | 0.88 (0.73, 1.07) p = 0.19 | ||
Student | 1283 (7.5) | 0.43 (0.36, 0.52) p < 0.001 | 1.04 (0.34, 3.15) p = 0.95 | ||
Home brewing/bar worker/owner | 444 (2.6) | 1.26 (1.04, 1.52) p = 0.02 | 1.12 (0.84, 1.50) p = 0.45 | ||
Other | 1797 (10.5) | 0.83 (0.76, 0.91) p < 0.001 | 1.01 (0.87, 1.17) p = 0.88 | ||
Partner’s occupation | Agriculture | 4506 (27.4) | 1 | 29171, 10682 | 1 |
Shopkeeper/trading/vending | 4409 (26.8) | 0.95 (0.89, 1.01) p = 0.11 | 0.91 (0.82, 1.01) p = 0.07 | ||
Professional | 2028 (12.3) | 0.81 (0.74, 0.89) p < 0.001 | 0.82 (0.71, 0.95) p = 0.01 | ||
Student | 485 (3.0) | 0.44 (0.33, 0.59) p < 0.001 | 0.75 (0.26, 2.13) p = 0.58 | ||
Home brewing/bar worker/owner | 161 (1.0) | 1.24 (0.98, 1.56) p = 0.08 | 1.13 (0.80, 1.60) p = 0.48 | ||
Trucker | 707 (4.3) | 0.76 (0.65, 0.88) p < 0.001 | 0.82 (0.66, 1.03) p = 0.09 | ||
Other | 4169 (25.3) | 0.98 (0.91, 1.05) p = 0.48 | 0.94 (0.84, 1.04) p = 0.22 | ||
Pregnancy status | No | 10838 (79.0) | 1 | 26263, 9734 | 1 |
Yes | 2877 (21.0) | 1.11 (1.04, 1.18) p = 0.002 | 1.02 (0.92, 1.12) p = 0.71 | ||
Type of relationship | Husband | 7502 (44.9) | 1 | 29265, 10705 | 1 |
Current consensual partner | 3981 (23.8) | 1.03 (0.97, 1.10) p = 0.35 | 0.88 (0.79, 0.67) p = 0.01 | ||
Boyfriend | 4941 (29.5) | 0.69 (0.64, 0.74) p < 0.001 | 0.70 (0.47, 1.05) p = 0.09 | ||
Other | 301 (1.8) | 0.78 (0.58, 1.04) p = 0.10 | 1.20 (0.48, 2.97) p = 0.70 | ||
Length of time in relationship | <3 years | 5881 (43.4) | 1 | 27050, 9956 | 1 |
4-6 years | 2774 (20.5) | 0.94 (0.88, 1.01) p = 0.11 | 0.84 (0.75, 0.94) p = 0.002 | ||
>6 years | 4907 (36.2) | 0.86 (0.80, 0.92) p < 0.001 | 0.79 (0.70, 0.90) p < 0.001 | ||
Partner age difference | Same age | 991 (7.4) | 1 | 23887, 9682 | 1 |
≥10 years older | 2098 (15.8) | 1.10 (0.96, 1.26) p = 0.16 | 0.83 (0.69, 1.00) p = 0.05 | ||
5-9 years older | 3703 (27.8) | 1.11 (0.98, 1.26) p = 0.11 | 0.83 (0.69, 0.99) p = 0.04 | ||
<5 years older | 5988 (45.0) | 1.06 (0.94, 1.20) p = 0.34 | 0.83 (0.70, 0.99) p = 0.04 | ||
<5 years younger | 440 (3.3) | 1.23 (1.02, 1.47) p = 0.03 | 1.02 (0.79, 1.32) p = 0.87 | ||
≥5 years younger | 97 (0.7) | 1.30 (0.91, 1.86) p = 0.15 | 1.21 (0.76, 1.91) p = 0.42 | ||
Number of partners in past year | 1 | 14653 (90.9) | 1 | 27892, 10419 | 1 |
>1 | 1473 (9.1) | 1.26 (1.12, 1.42) p < 0.001 | 1.27 (0.99, 1.62) p = 0.06 | ||
Woman’s use of alcohol before sex | No | 12086 (72.6) | 1 | 29081, 10686 | 1 |
Yes | 4563 (27.4) | 1.32 (1.25, 1.40) p < 0.001 | 1.21 (1.10, 1.32) p < 0.001 | ||
Partner’s use of alcohol before sex | No | 7722 (49.7) | 1 | 25525, 10381 | 1 |
Yes | 7826 (50.3) | 1.48 (1.40, 1.56) p < 0.001 | 1.46 (1.34, 1.60) p < 0.001 | ||
Attitudes toward violence | Not acceptable | 1551 (14.4) | 1 | 22088, 9541 | 1 |
Acceptable | 9187 (85.6) | 1.48 (1.36, 1.60) p < 0.001 | 1.43 (1.28, 1.59) p < 0.001 | ||
HIV status | Negative | 14143 (87.5) | 1 | 28677, 10620 | 1 |
Positive | 2013 (12.5) | 1.02 (0.93, 1.13) p = 0.61 | 1.03 (0.90, 1.18) p = 0.65 |