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Table 4 Results of the three-level hierarchical linear regression model comparing self-reported HRQoL scores in adolescents between patients and objective/subjective weight groups from the general population

From: Health-related quality of life in overweight German children and adolescents: do treatment-seeking youth have lower quality of life levels? Comparison of a clinical sample with the general population using a multilevel model approach

FIXED EFFECTS

Coefficient

Robust s.e.

t-ratio

Effect size d‡

FIXED EFFECTS

Coefficient

Robust s.e.

t-ratio

Effect size d‡

Physical well-being:

Family:

Intercept

71.729

2.364

30.345***

 

Intercept

78.492

1.988

39.490***

 

Sex (male)

-6.502

3.859

-1.685

-0.39

Sex (male)

0.701

0.523

1.341

0.05

Immigrant

-1.584

0.148

-10.690***

-0.10

Immigrant

0.261

0.719

0.363

0.02

Age†

-0.002

0.060

-0.032

0.00§

Age†

-0.908

0.151

-6.009***

-0.17§

SES score†

-0.390

0.672

-0.581

-0.15$

SES score†

0.065

0.058

1.114

0.02$

Group effects (ref.: Obeldicks light)

Multivariate hypothesis χ2 with robust s.e.: χ2 (df=5) =72.265***

♀

♂

Group effects (ref.: Obeldicks light)

Multivariate hypothesis χ2 with robust s.e.: χ2 (df=5) =51.845***

Normal/proper

0.045

2.423

0.019

0.00

0.81

Normal/proper

5.306

2.003

2.649**

0.35

Normal/too fat

-5.372

2.455

-2.188*

-0.35

0.53

Normal/too fat

1.176

2.030

0.579

0.08

Overweight/proper

-0.140

3.850

-0.036

-0.01

0.95

Overweight/proper

6.427

2.763

2.326*

0.42

Overweight/too fat

-7.303

2.686

-2.719**

-0.48

0.50

Overweight/too fat

2.118

2.099

1.009

0.14

Obese/too fat

-5.603

2.612

-2.145*

-0.37

0.42

Obese/too fat

4.133

2.175

1.900

0.27

Interaction sex(male) × group

Multivariate hypothesis χ2 with robust s.e.: χ2 (df=5) =14.804**

Friends:

× normal/proper

12.407

3.908

3.175**

  

Intercept

71.686

1.913

37.466***

 

× normal/too fat

13.488

3.943

3.421***

  

Sex (male)

1.976

0.499

3.960***

0.14

× overweight/proper

14.735

5.458

2.700**

  

Immigrant

-0.680

0.691

-0.985

-0.05

× overweight/too fat

14.959

4.209

3.554***

  

Age†

-1.196

0.142

-8.393***

-0.25§

× obese/too fat

12.095

4.120

2.936**

  

SES score†

-0.206

0.062

-3.335***

-0.08§

Emotional well-being:

Group effects (ref.: Obeldicks light)

Multivariate hypothesis χ2 with robust s.e.: χ2 (df=5) =49.050***

Intercept

80.064

1.728

46.335***

  

Normal/proper

7.263

1.944

3.735***

0.50

Sex(male)

1.257

0.434

2.898**

0.10

 

Normal/too fat

5.197

1.964

2.646**

0.36

Immigrant

-0.539

0.621

-0.868

-0.04

 

Overweight/proper

6.402

2.600

2.463*

0.44

Age†

-0.739

0.125

-5.914***

-0.18§

 

Overweight/too fat

3.669

2.075

1.768

0.25

SES score†

0.059

0.053

1.114

0.03$

 

Obese/too fat

2.309

2.228

1.036

0.16

Group effects (ref.: Obeldicks light)

Multivariate hypothesis χ2 with robust s.e.: χ2 (df=5) =46.964***

School:

Normal/proper

2.768

1.750

1.582

0.22

 

Intercept

66.218

2.155

30.729***

 

Normal/too fat

-0.050

1.775

-0.028

0.00

 

Sex (male)

-0.212

0.512

-0.414

-0.01

Overweight/proper

5.221

2.261

2.309*

0.42

 

Immigrant

-5.532

0.834

-6.630***

-0.35

Overweight/too fat

-0.093

1.875

-0.050

-0.01

 

Age†

-2.003

0.165

-12.120***

-0.38§

Obese/too fat

0.390

1.925

0.202

0.03

 

SES score†

0.429

0.070

6.116***

0.16$

Self-esteem:

Group effects (ref.: Obeldicks light)

Multivariate hypothesis χ2 with robust s.e.: χ2 (df=5) =95.841***

Intercept

60.474

2.143

28.221***

  

Normal/proper

4.532

2.184

2.075*

0.28

Sex(male)

3.341

0.585

5.716***

0.19

 

Normal/too fat

-0.843

2.212

-0.381

-0.05

Immigrant

0.910

0.828

1.099

0.05

 

Overweight/proper

8.666

3.719

2.330*

0.54

Age†

1.022

0.173

5.907***

0.17§

 

Overweight/too fat

-0.229

2.323

-0.099

-0.01

SES score†

-0.014

0.074

-0.192

0.00$

 

Obese/too fat

-0.303

2.435

-0.124

-0.02

Group effects (ref.: Obeldicks light)

Multivariate hypothesis χ2 with robust s.e.: χ2 (df=5) =83.703***

 

Normal/proper

-1.405

2.181

-0.644

-0.08

 

Normal/too fat

-7.093

2.204

-3.219**

-0.40

 

Overweight/proper

1.572

3.706

0.424

0.09

 

Overweight/too fat

-7.038

2.363

-2.979**

-0.39

 

Obese/too fat

-8.235

2.428

-3.391***

-0.46

 

RANDOM EFFECTS

Standard Deviation

Variance component

Chi-square

RANDOM EFFECTS

Standard Deviation

Variance component

Chi-square

Level 2:

Level 3:

Physical well-being

15.279

233.445

967288.672***

  

Physical well-being

1.630

2.657

291.914**

Emotional well-being

12.367

152.952

638869.901***

  

Emotional well-being

1.010

1.020*

276.583*

Self-esteem

17.884

319.822

1374249.579***

  

Self Esteem

0 (fixed)

ns

Family

15.142

229.276

999529.880***

  

Family

0 (fixed)

ns

Friends

14.610

213.444

929884.982***

  

Friends

0 (fixed)

 

School

15.985

255.526

1064648.929***

  

School

1.993

3.972

317.574***

  1. Note: * p≤ 0.05, ** p≤ 0.01, *** p≤ 0.001, ns: not significant.
  2. †Grand-mean centered.
  3. ‡ Effect size (d) computed as the model-estimated mean difference divided by the level 2-standard deviation of the subscale score.
  4. § Effect size for the mean difference of a 3-year increase in age.
  5. $ Effect size for the mean difference of a 6-point increase in SES score (on a scale ranging from 3 to 21; corresponding to the difference between low and medium or medium and high SES, respectively).
  6. s.e. = Standard error.
  7. ref. = Reference group.
  8. ♀: girls, ♂: boys.
  9. N=26,882 measurements nested in N=4519 individuals and N=232 sample points.
  10. Model statistics: deviance = 218,590.150, number of estimated parameters = 92.