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Table 3 Results of the three-level hierarchical linear regression model comparing parent proxy-reported HRQoL scores between patients and objective/subjective weight groups from the general population

From: Health-related quality of life in overweight German children and adolescents: do treatment-seeking youth have lower quality of life levels? Comparison of a clinical sample with the general population using a multilevel model approach

FIXED EFFECTS

Coefficient

Robust s.e.

t-ratio

Effect size d‡

FIXED EFFECTS

Coefficient

Robust s.e.

t-ratio

Effect size d‡

Physical well-being:

Family:

Intercept

71.494

1.550

46.121***

 

Intercept

74.971

1.257

59.624***

 

Sex (male)

4.156

0.420

9.895***

0.26

Sex (male)

-0.209

0.413

-0.506

-0.01

Proxy not mother

2.348

0.655

3.586***

0.15

Proxy not mother

1.523

0.602

2.529*

0.11

Immigrant

-0.629

0.705

-0.893

-0.04

Immigrant

3.100

0.652

4.757***

0.22

Age†

-1.085

0.089

-12.206***

-0.20§

Age†

-0.588

0.075

-7.834***

-0.13§

SES score†

0.250

0.058

4.278***

0.09$

SES score†

0.111

0.049

2.276*

0.05$

Group effects (ref.: Obeldicks light)

Multivariate hypothesis χ2 with robust s.e.: χ2 (df=5) =114.521***

Group effects (ref.: Obeldicks light)

Multivariate hypothesis χ2 with robust s.e.: χ2 (df=5) =28.512***

Normal/proper

4.961

1.569

3.162**

0.31

Normal/proper

3.203

1.269

2.525*

0.23

Normal/too fat

0.111

1.755

0.063

0.01

Normal/too fat

-0.118

1.418

-0.083

0.01

Overweight/proper

5.925

2.088

2.837**

0.37

Overweight/proper

2.644

2.026

1.305

0.19

Overweight/too fat

0.553

1.684

0.328

0.03

Overweight/too fat

1.376

1.407

0.978

0.10

Obese/too fat

-1.454

1.741

-0.835

-0.09

Obese/too fat

2.694

1.465

1.838

0.19

Emotional well-being:

Friends:

Intercept

76.469

1.260

60.679***

 

Intercept

70.093

1.198

58.488***

 

Sex (male)

0.534

0.357

1.496

0.04

Sex (male)

1.349

0.357

3.778***

0.10

Proxy not mother

0.489

0.478

1.023

0.04

Proxy not mother

1.129

0.526

2.145*

0.09

Immigrant

0.222

0.574

0.387

0.02

Immigrant

0.631

0.665

0.948

0.05

Age†

0.490

-0.065

-7.500***

0.12§

Age†

-0.216

0.072

-3.022**

-0.05§

SES score†

0.131

0.040

3.291***

0.06$

SES score†

-0.130

0.045

-2.902**

-0.06$

Group effects (ref.: Obeldicks light)

Multivariate hypothesis χ2 with robust s.e.: χ2 (df=5) =60.930***

Group effects (ref.: Obeldicks light)

Multivariate hypothesis χ2 with robust s.e.: χ2 (df=5) =101.758***

Normal/proper

4.853

1.269

3.824***

0.39

Normal/proper

8.104

1.214

6.674***

0.61

Normal/too fat

1.549

1.392

1.113

0.12

Normal/too fat

5.045

1.327

3.800***

0.38

Overweight/proper

6.377

1.719

3.710***

0.51

Overweight/proper

8.580

1.843

4.655***

0.65

Overweight/too fat

1.957

1.403

1.395

0.16

Overweight/too fat

4.505

1.379

3.266***

0.34

Obese/too fat

2.224

1.427

1.558

0.18

Obese/too fat

3.650

1.487

2.454*

0.28

Self-esteem:

School:

Intercept

62.218

1.395

44.609***

 

Intercept

74.993

1.354

55.384***

 

Sex (male)

-0.195

0.432

-0.452

0.01

Sex (male)

-2.258

0.471

-4.796***

-0.16

Proxy not mother

1.265

0.934

1.354

0.09

Proxy not mother

-1.927

0.773

-2.492*

-0.13

Immigrant

-0.412

0.719

-0.573

0.03

Immigrant

-6.772

0.737

-9.185***

-0.47

Age†

-0.520

0.073

-7.149***

-0.11§

Age†

-1.906

0.083

-22.888***

-0.39§

SES score†

0.160

0.048

3.335***

0.07$

SES score†

0.448

0.045

9.859***

0.18$

Interaction child gender by proxy-rater

2.516

1.066

2.360*

0.18

Interaction child gender by proxy-rater

3.293

0.968

3.402***

0.23

Group effects (ref.: Obeldicks light)

Multivariate hypothesis χ2 with robust s.e.: χ2 (df=5) =75.984***

Group effects (ref.: Obeldicks light)

Multivariate hypothesis χ2 with robust s.e.: χ2 (df=5) =18.589**

Normal/proper

7.317

1.400

5.225***

0.51

Normal/proper

3.425

1.365

2.510*

0.24

Normal/too fat

3.341

1.512

2.210*

0.23

Normal/too fat

1.201

1.543

0.778

0.08

Overweight/proper

9.319

1.832

5.087***

0.65

Overweight/proper

2.960

1.834

1.614

0.20

Overweight/too fat

4.390

1.559

2.816**

0.31

Overweight/too fat

2.725

1.514

1.800

0.19

Obese/too fat

5.203

1.552

3.353***

0.36

Obese/too fat

1.270

1.523

0.834

0.09

RANDOM EFFECTS

Standard Deviation

Variance component

Chi-square

RANDOM EFFECTS

Standard Deviation

Variance component

Chi-square

Level 2:

Level 3:

Physical well-being

16.059

257.895

1459059.004***

 

Physical well-being

2.017

4.068

413.866***

 

Emotional well-being

12.538

157.210

884875.385***

Emotional well-being

1.136

1.291

381.487***

Self-esteem

14.322

205.109

1124020.870***

Self-esteem

1.313

1.723

374.844***

Family

14.074

198.066

1119831.448***

Family

1.537

2.363

366.903**

Friends

13.216

174.672

988605.745***

Friends

1.108

1.227

340.837*

School

14.354

206.030

1185310.926***

 

School

1.342

1.800

351.198*

 
  1. Note: * p≤ 0.05, ** p≤ 0.01, *** p≤ 0.001.
  2. †Grand-mean centered.
  3. ‡ Effect size (d) computed as the model-estimated mean difference divided by the level 2-standard deviation of the subscale score.
  4. § Effect size for the mean difference of a 3-year increase in age.
  5. $ Effect size for the mean difference of a 6-point increase in SES score (on a scale ranging from 3 to 21; corresponding to the difference between low and medium or medium and high SES, respectively).
  6. s.e. = Standard error.
  7. ref. = Reference group.
  8. N=38,032 measurements nested in N=6436 individuals and N=304 sample points.
  9. Model statistics: Deviance = 301,365.943; number of estimated parameters = 110.