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Table 4 Determinants of average annual costs of hospitalization (multivariable Gamma Generalized Equations Estimate model with log link)

From: Hospitalization rates and cost in severe or complicated obesity: an Italian cohort study

 

Males

Females

Variables

Effect*

(95% CI)

Effect*

(95% CI)

Age (one year)

1.01

(1.00-1.01)

1.01

(1.00-1.01)

WC (10 cm)

0.97

(0.83-1.12)

1.08

(1.02-1.14)

BMI (one unit)

1.01

(0.98-1.04)

0.99

(0.98-1.00)

Hypertensive disease

1.18

(1.08-1.28)

1.21

(1.17-1.26)

Malignant neoplasms

1.25

(1.04-1.51)

1.37

(1.12-1.68)

Respiratory diseases

1.40

(1.10-1.79)

1.24

(1.10-1.38)

Diabetes

0.92

(0.82-1.03)

0.98

(0.90-1.06)

CVDs

1.22

(1.07-1.39)

0.97

(0.89-1.06)

CVDs in cohort members with diabetes**

1.27

(1.14-1.43)

1.35

(1.08-1.69)

Mental disorders

1.06

(0.61-1.85)

1.16

(1.09-1.24)

Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue

1.15

(1.04-1.26)

1.45

(1.39-1.51)

  1. * Effect=mean costs ratio, obtained as exponential of model coefficients. Model adjusted for height, educational level, marital status, current cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption.
  2. ** Test for interaction: males p=0.625; females p=0.007.
  3. CI confidence interval, WC waist circumference, BMI body mass index, CVDs cardiovascular diseases.