Exploring changes in open defecation prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa based on national level indices

Galan, Deise I; Kim, Seung-Sup; Graham, Jay P

doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-527

BMC Public Health

Table 1 Summary table of open defecation data for 48 sub-Saharan African countries and national level indices used in the analysis

From: Exploring changes in open defecation prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa based on national level indices

	Sub-Saharan Countries	OD prevalence				National level indices
		2005-2010 Change (%)	2005 (%)^a	2010 (%)^a	Estimated rates for 2015 (%)^a	National sanitation policy^b	Budget line^c	Budget allocated to sanitation^d	2005 per capita GDP (US$)^e	2005-2010 GDP growth (%)	Total sanitation approaches^f	2005-2010 annual aid disbursement per capita (US$)^g
Group A	Ethiopia	−22	61	39	18	○	◒	◒	166	116	○	0.3
	Angola	−21	32	12	0	◒	●	●	1,858	140	N/D	0.2
	Sao Tome and Principe	−10	61	51	41	N/D	N/D	N/D	746	60	N/D	2.2
Group B	Mozambique	−9	48	39	30	○	◒	●	317	29	○	0.4
	Zambia	−8	21	14	6	◒	○	●	626	100	○	1.0
	Benin	−7	63	56	49	○	◒	●	562	33	●	3.6
	Mali	−5	17	12	7	○	◒	●	403	49	○	1.1
	Guinea	−5	24	19	14	○	◒	●	325	39	○	0.5
	Guinea-Bissau	−5	34	29	24	◒	◒	●	419	38	●	0.3
	Liberia	−5	51	45	40	○	●	●	167	48	○	0.8
	Burkina Faso	−5	64	58	53	○	○	●	382	40	●	1.3
	Uganda	−4	12	8	4	○	○	◒	325	57	N/D	0.6
	Swaziland	−4	19	16	12	◒	○	●	2,540	38	N/D	0.5
	Lesotho	−4	41	38	34	N/D	N/D	N/D	662	52	N/D	1.2
	Togo	−4	53	49	46	◒	◒	●	391	34	○	0.3
	Chad	−4	67	63	59	◒	◒	●	542	25	●	0.7
	Malawi	−3	13	10	7	○	◒	◒	215	58	○	0.2
	Botswana	−3	20	17	15	N/D	N/D	N/D	5,468	35	N/D	0.0
	Ghana	−3	20	18	16	○	○	●	495	168	○	0.7
	Mauritania	−3	51	48	45	◒	○	●	717	46	○	0.8
	Senegal	−2	21	20	18	○	◒	◒	799	29	●	0.9
	Cote d'Ivoire	−2	32	30	28	◒	○	●	908	27	◒	0.1
	Congo, Dem. Rep.	−1	11	11	10	◒	○	●	124	60	N/D	0.1
	Sudan	−1	43	42	42	○	◒	●	713	100	N/D	0.3
	Namibia	−1	55	54	53	N/D	N/D	N/D	3,491	53	N/D	1.4
Group C	Central African Republic	0	23	23	23	◒	●	●	336	36	●	0.0
	Kenya	1	14	14	15	○	○	◒	526	51	○	0.6
	Nigeria	1	22	23	24	○	○	●	803	59	○	0.1
	Madagascar	1	41	43	44	○	◒	●	282	49	○	0.1
	Niger	1	80	81	81	○	○	◒	262	37	○	1.0
	Zimbabwe	2	27	29	31	◒	●	●	458	30	N/D	0.4
	Tanzania	3	11	14	18	◒	○	●	373	40	N/D	0.6
	Sierra Leone	5	25	30	35	○	○	◒	240	35	○	0.7
	Cape Verde	10	26	36	45	○	N/D	N/D	2,055	62	●	4.4
Group D	Gambia	−3	3	0	0	◒	○	◒	307	52	○	1.6
	South Africa	−3	9	6	3	N/D	N/D	N/D	5,234	39	N/D	0.1
	Burundi	−1	1	0	0	N/D	N/D	N/D	110	75	N/D	0.7
	Gabon	−1	2	1	0	N/D	N/D	N/D	6,322	38	N/D	0.0
	Congo	0	9	8	8	○	○	◒	1,723	72	◒	0.0
	Mauritius	0	0	0	0	N/D	N/D	N/D	5,054	50	N/D	0.0
	Rwanda	0	3	3	3	○	○	◒	281	89	○	0.4
	Comoros	1	1	2	2	●	●	●	602	22	N/D	0.5
	Cameroon	2	7	9	10	N/D	N/D	N/D	945	21	○	0.1
	Somalia	12	56	68	80	N/D	N/D	N/D	277	−58	N/D	0.1
	Djibouti	N/D	N/D	N/D	N/D	◒	◒	◒	877	46	N/D	0.1
	Equatorial Guinea	N/D	N/D	N/D	N/D	◒	○	○	13,521	48	N/D	0.2
	Eritrea	N/D	N/D	N/D	N/D	N/D	N/D	N/D	245	64	N/D	0.4
	Seychelles	N/D	N/D	N/D	N/D	N/D	N/D	N/D	10,661	1	N/D	0.0

Group A: Countries with large reductions (greater than 10% reduction) in open defecation; Group B: Countries with mid-level reduction (between 1-9% reduction) in open defecation; Group C: Countries with no reduction or an increase in open defecation (0% to 10% increase); and Group D: Countries excluded from study based on selection criteria (see Methods section).
^a OD prevalence for 2005, 2010 and 2015 were calculated by creating a line equation for each country based on the available and eligible data points between 2000 and 2010 obtained from national surveys that met standards of quality set by Joint Monitoring Programme [14].
^b ○ The country has a sanitation policy that is prepared by government and endorsed by parliament; ◒ the country has a national sanitation policy that is prepared by government but not yet endorsed by parliament; or the country does not have a sanitation policy [17].
^c ○ The country has public sector budget allocations and it is used for the sector; ◒ the country has budget allocations for sanitation but they are not used for the sector; ● the country has no public budgetary allocation for sanitation [17].
^d ○ The public sector budgetary allocation to sanitation activities is at least 0.5% of the GDP; ◒ the public sector budgetary allocation to sanitation activities is between 0.1% to 0.5% of the GDP; ● the public sector budget allocation to sanitation activities is less than 0.1% of the GDP [17].
^e Data on each country’s per capita GDP (in US$ dollars) were obtained from the World Bank database for 2005 and 2010 [18].
^f ○ Total sanitation approaches are explicitly part of the national policy; ◒ total sanitation approaches are being implemented but not part of official policy; ● a national policy/strategy that is under development, so it is unclear whether total sanitation approaches will be part of official policy (J. Bevan, personal communication, June 1, 2012).
^g Per capita aid disbursement (in US$) for basic drinking water and basic sanitation was calculated for each country by dividing the average annual aid disbursement for basic drinking water and basic sanitation by the average annual population for the five year study period [19].

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ISSN: 1471-2458

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