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Table 2 Cox proportional hazard models for estimating neonatal mortality in Ethiopia by selected characteristics

From: Neonatal mortality in Ethiopia: trends and determinants

 

Unadjusted

Adjusted

 

HR*

95% CI

HR*

95% CI

  

Lower

Upper

 

Lower

Upper

Child's year of birth

      

  An increase of 1 calendar year

0.98

0.97

0.99

0.99

0.98

1.00

Contextual factors:

      

Residence

      

  Urban (ref)

1.00

     

  Rural

1.22

1.03

1.46

   

Region

      

  Tigray

1.53

1.04

2.26

1.54

1.01

2.34

  Affar

0.98

0.64

1.51

0.86

0.54

1.37

  Amhara

1.94

1.34

2.82

1.88

1.26

2.83

  Oromiya

1.63

1.13

2.35

1.50

0.90

2.24

  Somali

1.25

0.83

1.90

1.05

0.67

1.65

  Benishangul Gumz

1.90

1.29

2.81

1.75

1.15

2.67

  SNNP

1.32

0.90

1.93

1.30

0.86

1.96

  Gambela

1.56

1.03

2.36

1.52

0.98

2.35

  Harari

1.33

0.86

2.05

1.18

0.75

1.86

  Dire Dawa

0.92

0.58

1.48

0.86

0.53

1.41

  Addis Ababa (ref)

1.00

  

1.00

  

Socioeconomic factors:

      

Mother's education

      

  No education (ref)

1.00

  

1.00

  

  Elementary

1.05

0.91

1.22

1.07

0.92

1.25

  Secondary+

0.65

0.49

0.87

0.68

0.49

0.95

Marital status

      

  Not currently married (ref)

1.00

     

  Currently married

0.81

0.66

0.99

   

Household wealth index score

      

  Low (ref)

1.00

     

  Medium

1.04

0.91

1.20

   

  High

0.81

0.69

0.94

   

Maternal/neonatal factors:

      

Child’s sex

      

  Female (ref)

1.04

     

  Male

1.42

1.26

1.59

1.38

1.23

1.55

Season of birth

      

  Spring (ref)

1.00

  

1.00

  

  Summer

1.10

0.94

1.29

1.13

0.97

1.33

  Autumn

1.16

0.99

1.36

1.17

0.99

1.37

  Winter (rainy season)

1.25

1.06

1.47

1.28

1.08

1.51

Size at birth

      

  Average or larger than average (ref)

1.00

     

  Smaller than average

0.93

0.81

1.05

   

Birth Order

      

  1st-2nd (ref)

1.00

     

  3rd

0.67

0.55

0.81

   

  4th+

0.76

0.67

0.85

   

Preceding birth interval

      

  Not applicable (only one birth)

1.97

1.71

2.25

1.93

1.65

2.27

  <2 years

2.10

1.79

2.37

2.19

1.89

2.52

  2+ years (ref)

1.00

  

1.00

  

Age of mother at birth

      

  <18 years

2.08

1.74

2.50

1.41

1.15

1.72

  18-34 years (ref)

1.00

  

1.00

  

  35+ years

1.11

0.94

1.29

1.29

0.97

1.52

Maternal health service:

      

Tetanus toxoid injection

      

  None or 1 TTI (ref)

1.00

     

  2+ TTI

0.43

0.35

0.52

0.44

0.36

0.54

Delivery place/assistance

      

  Home delivery/not assisted by TBA/HW

1.00

     

  Home delivery - assisted by TBA/HW

0.96

0.84

1.10

   

  Government hospital

0.95

0.74

1.21

   

  Health center

1.11

0.82

1.52

   

  Other health facility

0.74

0.45

1.24

   

Mode of delivery

      

  Non-caesarian section

1.00

     

  Caesarian section

1.26

0.86

1.85

   
  1. *Adjusted and unadjusted HRs in bold represent statistical significance at p-value<0.05 and the corresponding 95% CIs do not include the null value 1.
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