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Table 1 Factor analysis and t-test: reliability of constraints on leisure of breastfeed directly and two clusters of breastfeeding mothers

From: Relationship between participation in leisure activities and constraints on Taiwanese breastfeeding mothers during leisure activities

   

Breastfeeding practice

 

Clusters based on leisure preference and participation

 

Statement constraints

Chronbach α

Total (N = 415)

Breastfeeding directly (N = 177)

All other practices (N = 238)

t-value

Action group (N = 231)

Contemplation group (N = 184)

t value

Intrapersonal constraints

.862

2.12

2.13

2.11

-.240

2.05

2.20

−2.324*

 Lack of interest

 

2.52

2.41

2.60

1.655

2.37

2.71

−3.019**

 Lack of confidence

 

1.96

2.00

1.93

-.813

1.87

2.08

−2.437*

 Afraid of going out alone

 

2.07

2.19

1.98

−1.936

2.04

2.10

-.503

 Health concern

 

1.93

1.97

1.90

-.790

1.91

1.96

-.599

 Difficult to get along with others

 

1.70

1.75

1.66

−1.256

1.65

1.75

−1.387

 Unpleasant experience

 

1.97

1.99

1.94

.530

1.93

2.01

-.845

 Not satisfied with self-body image

 

2.00

2.03

1.98

-.486

1.95

2.08

−1.320

 Poor physical fitness

 

2.50

2.48

2.51

.258

2.44

2.57

−1.126

 Lack of skill

 

2.41

2.36

2.44

.701

2.27

2.59

−2.952**

Interpersonal constraints

.887

2.54

2.54

2.53

-.100

2.54

2.53

.106

 My family/friends oppose

 

2.15

2.14

2.15

.055

2.09

2.22

−1.196

 No partner

 

2.75

2.76

2.73

.230

2.72

2.79

-.581

 My partners are too busy at work

 

2.64

2.67

2.60

.631

2.66

2.62

.319

 My partner are not available

 

2.26

2.26

2.26

-.075

2.31

2.19

1.295

 My partners have difficulty traveling

 

2.31

2.38

2.26

−1.164

2.32

2.31

.128

 My partners do not have time

 

3.12

3.14

3.09

-.424

3.10

3.14

-.343

 My partners’ interests are different

 

2.69

2.68

2.69

.142

2.75

2.61

1.393

 My partners do not have such leisure skills

 

2.39

2.39

2.38

-.040

2.38

2.40

-.187

Structural constraints

.824

3.07

3.00

3.11

1.480

3.05

3.09

-.548

 Weather issues

 

3.23

3.28

3.20

-.786

3.34

3.10

2.144*

 Taking care of family members

 

3.89

3.84

3.94

.955

3.91

3.87

.395

 Too many chores

 

3.22

3.10

3.30

1.753

3.15

3.29

−1.198

 Too much work

 

2.79

2.41

3.07

6.003***

2.72

2.89

−1.498

 Lack of transportation

 

2.59

2.65

2.55

-.896

2.59

2.60

-.030

 Lack of information

 

2.38

2.34

2.41

.711

2.32

2.45

−1.300

 Lack of money

 

2.68

2.79

2.61

−1560

2.70

2.66

.392

 Too crowded and too noisy

 

3.06

3.03

3.08

-.385

2.98

3.15

−1.463

 Lack of time

 

3.63

3.43

3.78

3.105**

3.63

3.64

-.104

 Lack of space/facilities

 

3.18

3.18

3.18

-.007

3.15

3.23

-.696

Nursing-related constraints

.873

3.51

3.44

3.56

1.446

3.42

3.62

−2.514*

 Concern with babies’ health

 

3.42

3.38

3.44

.506

3.37

3.47

-.846

 Babies too attached to mothers

 

3.76

3.91

3.65

−2.323*

3.75

3.78

-.265

 No other family members could help with taking care of the babies

 

3.00

3.10

2.92

−1.345

2.92

3.09

−1.303

 Leisure activities not appropriate for children

 

3.96

3.94

3.97

.383

3.95

3.97

-.138

 Unfriendly nursing environment in leisure activities place/recreation space

 

3.87

3.73

3.98

2.232*

3.75

4.04

−2.676**

 Feel guilty to bother other family members to take care of babies

 

3.80

3.67

3.89

1.970

3.75

3.86

−1.005

 No or insufficient breastfeeding rooms in leisure activities place/recreation space

 

3.78

3.64

3.89

2.169*

3.64

3.95

−3.033**

 Difficulty accessing breastfeeding rooms

 

3.78

3.61

3.90

2.489*

2.54

2.90

−2.797**

 Embarrassment being outdoors and in others’ views

 

2.70

2.65

2.74

.701

2.88

3.14

−3.110**

 Traditional myths from older generation

 

3.00

2.77

3.17

3.079**

2.86

3.07

−2.015*

  1. Note: 1. * p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001.
  2. 2. Breastfeeding practice: Breastfeeding directly indicating breastfeeding their babies directly from wet nurse, other practice comprise feeding methods such as bottle feed with expressed milk, alternating between the breast directly and bottle with expressed milk, and directly from breast only before bedtime were combine together as all the others.
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BMC Public Health

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