Exposure to public natural space as a protective factor for emotional well-being among young people in Canada

BMC Public Health

Table 4 Multivariate subgroup analyses of associations between various natural space measures and positive emotional well-being (N = 17 249)

Quartiles	Total natural space	Green space	Blue space
	RR (95% CI)^a	RR (95% CI)^a	RR (95% CI)^a
1	1.00	1.00	1.00
2	0.99 (0.94-1.03)	0.98 (0.93-1.03)	1.02 (0.97-1.07)
3	1.05 (1.00-1.10)	1.03 (0.98-1.08)	1.06 (1.01-1.11)
4	1.01 (0.95-1.06)	1.01 (0.96-1.06)	1.04 (0.99-1.09)
P trend	0.22	0.34	*0.04*
By urban/rural geographic location
Rural area
1	1.00	1.00	1.00
2	0.94 (0.85-1.03)	0.98 (0.87-1.05)	1.01 (0.91-1.11)
3	0.97 (0.88-1.06)	1.03 (0.81-1.06)	0.93 (0.82-1.04)
4	0.94 (0.83-1.05)	1.04 (0.83-1.08)	0.99 (0.91-1.07)
P trend	0.30	0.24	0.58
Small city
1	1.00	1.00	1.00
2	1.11 (1.01-1.20)	1.05 (0.95-1.15)	1.11 (1.02-1.20)
3	1.16 (1.07-1.25)	1.10 (1.01-1.18)	1.15 (1.07-1.24)
4	1.12 (1.03-1.21)	1.07 (0.98-1.15)	1.14 (1.05-1.22)
P trend	*0.03*	0.11	*0.008*
Metropolitan area
1	1.00	1.00	1.00
2	0.97 (0.88-1.05)	0.98 (0.87-1.08)	1.01 (0.93-1.09)
3	1.05 (0.96-1.14)	1.03 (0.92-1.13)	1.10 (1.02-1.18)
4	1.03 (0.91-1.14)	1.04 (0.92-1.15)	1.07 (0.96-1.18)
P trend	0.26	0.23	*0.02*

RR (95% CI), Risk ratio (95% Confidence Intervals).
^aAdjusted for gender, age, ethnicity, family affluence, perceived neighborhood safety, and neighborhood rundown houses as determined in Model 3 of Table 3.

ISSN: 1471-2458