Time perspective as a predictor of smoking status: findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Surveys in Scotland, France, Germany, China, and Malaysia

BMC Public Health

Table 3 Logistic regression analysis of time perspective across all countries

Predictors	Non-smoker OR (95% CI)
Demographics
Age (ref=55+yrs)
18-24 yrs	0.469 (0.375-0.588)***
25-39 yrs	0.400 (0.346-0.461)***
40-54 yrs	0.504 (0.445-0.571)***
Sex (ref=female)
Male	0.155 (0.139-0.173)***
Ethnicity (ref=otherwise)
Majority	0.776 (0.658-0.916)**
Income (ref=low)
Moderate	1.278 (1.118-1.460)***
High	1.398 (1.201-1.626)***
No answer	1.671 (1.377-2.028)***
Education (ref=low)
Moderate	1.147 (0.990-1.328)
High	1.797 (1.526-2.116)***
No answer	1.992 (0.162-24.483)
Time perspective (ref=present-oriented)
Future-oriented	1.357 (1.220-1.508)***