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Table 3 Logistic regression analysis of time perspective across all countries

From: Time perspective as a predictor of smoking status: findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Surveys in Scotland, France, Germany, China, and Malaysia

Predictors

Non-smoker OR (95% CI)

Demographics

 

Age (ref=55+yrs)

 

18-24 yrs

0.469 (0.375-0.588)***

25-39 yrs

0.400 (0.346-0.461)***

40-54 yrs

0.504 (0.445-0.571)***

Sex (ref=female)

 

Male

0.155 (0.139-0.173)***

Ethnicity (ref=otherwise)

 

Majority

0.776 (0.658-0.916)**

Income (ref=low)

 

Moderate

1.278 (1.118-1.460)***

High

1.398 (1.201-1.626)***

No answer

1.671 (1.377-2.028)***

Education (ref=low)

 

Moderate

1.147 (0.990-1.328)

High

1.797 (1.526-2.116)***

No answer

1.992 (0.162-24.483)

Time perspective (ref=present-oriented)

 

Future-oriented

1.357 (1.220-1.508)***

  1. **p<.01, ***p<.001.
  2. Note: the country variable was also controlled for in the analysis.