Skip to main content

Table 3 Multinomial regression examining the relationship between psychological distress and sociodemographic and empowerment characteristics; women in relationships (N = 2,849)

From: Poor mental health in Ghana: who is at risk?

 

OR (95% CI)

 

Well/Mild

Moderate

Severe

Age

1.00

1.00 (0.99, 1.01)

1.01 (0.99, 1.02)

Marital status

   

  Never married

1.00

1.00

1.00

  Married

1.00

0.87 (0.47, 1.63)

0.50 (0.22, 1.17)

  Formerly married

1.00

1.24 (0.43, 3.59)

0.84 (0.26, 2.76)

Education

   

  None

1.00

2.05 (1.06, 3.94)*

3.39 (1.17, 9.81)*

  Primary or less

1.00

1.54 (0.77, 3.09)

2.12 (0.71, 6.34)

  Middle/JSS

1.00

1.31 (0.71, 2.43)

1.20 (0.41, 3.50)

  Secondary and above

1.00

1.00

1.00

Residential location

   

  Urban

1.00

1.21 (0.85, 1.72)

1.60 (1.06, 2.39)*

  Rural

1.00

1.00

1.00

Wealth index

   

  First quintile

1.00

1.77 (1.01, 3.11)*

1.33 (0.62, 2.86)

  Second

1.00

2.13 (1.26, 3.60)**

1.59 (0.76, 3.31)

  Third

1.00

1.22 (0.68, 2.20)

1.33 (0.55, 3.23)

  Fourth

1.00

1.95 (1.14, 3.34)*

1.54 (0.74, 3.20)

  Fifth

1.00

1.00

1.00

Region

   

  Western

1.00

1.54 (0.72, 3.28)

2.67 (0.66, 10.89)

  Central

1.00

0.46 (0.20, 1.06)

2.08 (0.52, 8.41)

  Gt. Accra

1.00

1.00

1.00

  Volta

1.00

1.31 (0.63, 2.73)

1.93 (0.46, 8.21)

  Eastern

1.00

1.41 (0.66, 3.00)

6.09 (1.60, 23.24)**

  Ashanti

1.00

0.45 (0.18, 1.12)

2.06 (0.49, 8.69)

  Brong Ahafo

1.00

1.06 (0.43, 2.64)

1.89 (0.38, 9.29)

  Northern

1.00

1.29 (0.58, 2.89)

2.78 (0.71, 10.87)

  Upper East

1.00

1.55 (0.65, 3.73)

2.62 (0.62, 11.06)

  Upper West

1.00

0.71 (0.28, 1.79)

0.75 (0.15, 3.67)

Self-rated health

   

  Very healthy

1.00

1.00

1.00

  Somewhat healthy

1.00

1.54 (1.10, 2.16)*

2.57 (1.65, 4.00)**

  Unhealthy

1.00

2.38 (1.51, 3.73)**

2.10 (1.22, 3.62)**

Religion

   

  Christian

1.00

1.00

1.00

  Muslim

1.00

0.82 (0.53, 1.26)

1.04 (0.56, 1.94)

  Traditional

1.00

1.16 (0.71, 1.90)

0.79 (0.40, 1.58)

  No religion

1.00

1.33 (0.74, 2.40)

1.29 (0.64, 2.62)

Important decisions should be made only by the men in the family

1.00

1.39 (0.99, 1.94)

1.48 (0.96, 2.28)

A wife does not have a right to express her opinion

1.00

1.79 (1.24, 2.58)**

1.68 (0.96, 2.93)

A wife should tolerate being beaten in order to keep the family together

1.00

1.63 (1.18, 2.25)**

2.61 (1.80, 3.78)**

Partner control (0–4)

1.00

1.55 (1.28, 1.87)**

1.82 (1.43, 2.32)**

Emotional abuse

1.00

1.20 (0.88, 1.63)

0.77 (0.49, 1.20)

Physical abuse

1.00

0.88 (0.45, 1.74)

2.22 (1.10, 4.49)*

  1. **p < 0.01; *p ≤ 0.05.