Table 2 Multinomial regression examining the relationship between psychological distress and sociodemographic characteristics; overall sample (N = 9,099)
OR (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
Well/Mild | Moderate | Severe | |
Age | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | 1.01 (1.00, 1.02) |
Gender | |||
Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Female | 1.00 | 1.43 (1.23, 1.67)** | 1.16 (0.95, 1.41) |
Marital status | |||
Never married | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Married | 1.00 | 1.95 (1.48, 2.57)** | 1.29 (0.88, 1.89) |
Formerly married | 1.00 | 2.23 (1.48, 3.35)** | 1.98 (1.20, 3.27)** |
Education | |||
None | 1.00 | 1.67 (1.17, 2.39)** | 2.92 (1.82, 4.69)** |
Primary or less | 1.00 | 1.19 (0.82, 1.72) | 1.69 (1.05, 2.71)* |
Middle/JSS | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.72, 1.40) | 1.34 (0.87, 2.08) |
Secondary and above | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Residential location | |||
Urban | 1.00 | 0.85 (0.67, 1.09) | 1.03 (0.78, 1.37) |
Rural | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Wealth index | |||
First quintile | 1.00 | 1.07 (0.71, 1.59) | 0.96 (0.59, 1.57) |
Second | 1.00 | 1.83 (1.23, 2.74)** | 2.10 (1.34, 3.28)** |
Third | 1.00 | 1.09 (0.73, 1.62) | 0.96 (0.57, 1.61) |
Fourth | 1.00 | 1.53 (1.06, 2.19)* | 1.52 (0.98, 2.36) |
Fifth | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Region | |||
Western | 1.00 | 1.80 (1.10, 2.96)* | 2.53 (1.28, 5.01)** |
Central | 1.00 | 0.85 (0.50, 1.44) | 1.65 (0.84, 3.25) |
Gt. Accra | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Volta | 1.00 | 1.58 (0.97, 2.59) | 2.39 (1.20, 4.78)* |
Eastern | 1.00 | 1.72 (1.08, 2.73)* | 5.03 (2.73, 9.26)** |
Ashanti | 1.00 | 1.10 (0.68, 1.77) | 3.00 (1.60, 5.62)** |
Brong Ahafo | 1.00 | 1.59 (0.94, 2.68) | 3.03 (1.46, 6.28)** |
Northern | 1.00 | 2.05 (1.22, 3.45)** | 6.51 (3.46, 12.24)** |
Upper East | 1.00 | 2.67 (1.52, 4.69)** | 4.31 (2.07, 8.98)** |
Upper West | 1.00 | 1.29 (0.71, 2.36) | 2.13 (0.98, 4.64) |
Self-rated health | |||
Very healthy | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Somewhat healthy | 1.00 | 1.75 (1.40, 2.19)** | 1.92 (1.45, 2.55)** |
Unhealthy | 1.00 | 2.81 (2.12, 3.72)** | 2.98 (2.18, 4.09)** |
Religion | |||
Christian | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Muslim | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.75, 1.40) | 1.10 (0.75, 1.60) |
Traditional | 1.00 | 1.37 (0.96, 1.96) | 1.22 (0.79, 1.89) |
No religion | 1.00 | 1.50 (1.02, 2.19)* | 1.51 (0.97, 2.33) |