Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants by WHtR
Missing values | WHtR < 0.5 n = 1730 | WHtR ≥ 0.5 n = 158 | |
|---|---|---|---|
Boys, n (%) | 0 | 894 (51.7) | 73 (46.2) |
Age, years [m (sd)] | 0 | 7.07 (0.63) | 7.16 (0.71) |
Migration, % | 293 | 30.4 | 48.3*** |
Anthropometric measures | |||
BMI, kg/m2 [m (sd)] | 0 | 15.57 (1.42) | 21.00 (2.76)*** |
BMI, percentile [m (sd)] | 0 | 44.85 (25.29) | 94.23 (7.62)*** |
WC, cm [m (sd)] | 0 | 54.37 (3.83) | 68.86 (7.74)*** |
Underweight, % | 0 | 8.6 | 0*** |
Normalweight, % | 0 | 88.0 | 17.1*** |
Overweight, % | 0 | 3.2 | 32.9*** |
Obesity, % | 0 | 0.2 | 50.0*** |
Pregnancy and birth characteristics | |||
Week of gestation, [m (sd)] | 291 | 39.12 (2.04) | 38.99 (2.23) |
Gestational diabetes, % | 247 | 3.8 | 7.3 |
Birth weight, gr [m (sd)] | 226 | 3328.0 (561,7) | 3309.4 (558.3) |
Smoking during pregnancy, % | 238 | 9.5 | 19.0** |
Breastfeeding, % | 236 | 84.2 | 76.4* |
Parental characteristics | |||
Single parent, % | 262 | 10.0 | 17.4* |
Tertiary family education level, % | 365 | 33.4 | 16.5*** |
Maternal overweight/obesity, % | 357 | 29.1 | 55.8*** |
Paternal overweight/obesity, % | 457 | 59.5 | 78.6*** |
Maternal WHtR, [m (sd)] | 793 | 0.50 (0.07) | 0.54 (0.09)*** |
Paternal WHtR, [m (sd)] | 876 | 0.54 (0.07) | 0.57 (0.10)* |
Smoking (mother), % | 281 | 19.4 | 37.5*** |
Smoking (father), % | 349 | 28.2 | 51.8*** |
Maternal health awareness, % | 282 | 58.9 | 55.9 |
Paternal health awareness, % | 388 | 44.8 | 45.4 |
Lifestyle and health characteristics | |||
Absenteeism at kindergarten/school | |||
because of illness last year, [m (sd)] | 335 | 6.84 (6.70) | 9.05 (6.70)*** |
Mothers absenteeism at work because | |||
of child’s illness last year, [m (sd)] | 823 | 2.53 (4.07) | 3.16 (6.91) |
Fathers absenteeism at work because | |||
of child’s illness last year, [m (sd)] | 1053 | 0.56 (3.72) | 0.92 (2.33) |
Number of visits to a physician | |||
last year, [m (sd)] | 348 | 2.91 (2.88) | 3.58 (3.82)* |
Sporting activity, % | 289 | 88.4 | 81.1* |
Playing outside > 60 min/day, % | 293 | 69.1 | 63.9 |
≥ 4 times a week active for | |||
≥ 60 min/day, % | 316 | 27.1 | 27.8 |
Soft drinks consumption > 1 time/week | |||
at school, % | 273 | 7.4 | 10.7 |
outside of school, % | 272 | 24.0 | 35.6** |
No breakfast before school, % | 235 | 11.8 | 25.2*** |