From: Home-based chlamydia and gonorrhoea screening: a systematic review of strategies and outcomes
Author, year | Country | Target group, recruitment | Sex | Tests | Participation | Specimen return | Testing rate | CT positive | NG positive |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age |  | rate % (95% CI) | rate % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | %(95% CI) | |||
Outreach Programs (n=7) | |||||||||
Datta, 2007 [31] | US | Screening within a national surveyA | M/F; | 6632 | 83.0 | 91.7 | 76.1 | 3.6% | 0.5% |
14-39 | Â | (82.2-83.8) | (91.1-92.4) | (75.2-77.0) | (3.2-4.1) | (0.4-0.8) | |||
McCadden, 2005 [32] | Brittain (UK) | Randomly selected (national surveyB) | M/F; | 3608 | 71.1 | 99.4 | 70.7 | 2.0% | Â |
18-44 | Â | (69.8-72.3) | (99.1-99.7) | (69.4-71.9) | (1.6-2.5) | Â | |||
Ghebremichael, 2009 [33] | Tanzania | Randomly selected households | F; | 1439 | 92.1 | 71.3 | 65.6 | 1.5% | 0.2% |
20-24 | Â | (90.9-93.2) | (69.2-73.2) | (63.6-67.6) | (1.0-2.3) | (0.0-0.6) | |||
Forhan, 2009 [34] | US | Screening within a national survey A | F; | 793 | Â | 94.6 | Â | 3.9 C | Â |
14-19 | Â | Â | (92.9-96.1) | Â | Â | Â | |||
Jennings, 2010 [35] | US | Randomly selected households; Monetary incentives | M/F; | 587 | 87.8 | 98.3 | 86.4 | Â | Â |
15-24 | Â | (85.1-90.2) | (97.0-99.2) | (83.6-88.9) | Â | Â | |||
Adams, 2008 [36] | Barbados | Randomly selected (voter’s register) | M/F; | 402D | 82.3% | 100 | 82.3 | 11.3% | 1.8% |
18-35 | Â | (78.6-85.5) | (99.1-100) | (78.6-85.5) | (8.4-14.9) | (0.7-3.6) | |||
Mir, 2009 [37] | Pakistan | Randomly selected households in a survey | M; | 256 | Â | Â | Â | 0.0% | 0.8% |
16-45 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | (0.1-2.8) | |||
Programs with PTKs sent on invitation acceptance (n=7) | |||||||||
*Van Bergen, 2010 [38] | Nether-lands | Participants form population register, PTKs requested through internet; Reminders | M/F; | 41638 | 20.2 | 78.9 | 16.0 | 4.2% | Â |
16-29 | Â | (20.1-20.4) | (78.6-79.3) | (15.8-16.1) | (4.0-4.4) | Â | |||
Goulet, 2010 [39] | France | Randomly selected (national survey); Reminders | M/F; | 2580 | 76.3 | 68.3 | 52.0 | 1.7% | Â |
18-44 | Â | (75.0-77.4) | (66.7-69.7) | (50.6-53.4) | (1.2-2.2) | Â | |||
*Anderson, 2010 [40] | Denmark | Randomly selected (county health service register) | M/F; | 912 | Â | Â | 20.3 | 7.0% | Â |
22-24 | Â | Â | Â | (19.1-21.5) | (5.4-8.9) | Â | |||
Hocking, 2006 [41] | Australia | Random household sample (telephone directory) | F; | 657 | 53.9 E | 67.1 | 36.2E | 0.9% | Â |
18-35 | Â | (51.6-56.2) | (64.1-70.0) | (33.9-38.4) | (0.3-2.0) | Â | |||
Domeika, 2007 [42] | Sweden | Randomly selected (population register, student register); Advertised | M/F; | 247 | 14.5 | 88.2 | 12.8 | 2.0% | Â |
19-23 | Â | (12.9-16.1) | (83.8-91.7) | (11.3-14.3) | (0.7-4.7) | Â | |||
*Scholes, 2007 [43] | US | Participants from enrollees in a managed care plan; Reminders | M; | 105 | Â | Â | 3.6 | 1.0% | Â |
21-25 | Â | Â | Â | (2.9-4.3) | (0.0-5.2) | Â | |||
Eggleston, 2005 [44] | US | Telephone accessible households; Monetary incentive; Reminders | M/F; | 86 | Â | 86.0 | Â | 2.3% | 0.0% |
18-35 | Â | Â | (77.6-92.1) | Â | (0.3-8.1) | Â | |||
Programs with PTKs sent along with invitation (n=5) | |||||||||
Van Bergen, 2005 [45] | Nether-lands | Randomly selected (civilian registry); Reminders | M/F; | 8383 | Â | 40.3** | 39.9 | 2.0% | Â |
15-29 | Â | Â | (39.7-41.0) | (39.3-40.6) | (1.7-2.3) | Â | |||
Low, 2007 [46] | England | Randomly selected (general practice lists); Reminders | M/F; | 4731 | Â | 32.9** | 23.9 | 4.6% | Â |
16-39 | Â | Â | (32.1-33.7) | (23.3-24.5) | (4.0-5.3) | Â | |||
*Anderson, 2010 [40] | Denmark | Randomly selected (county health service register) | M/F; | 1296 | Â | 28.8 | 28.8 | 6.2% | Â |
22-24 | Â | Â | (27.5-30.1) | (27.5-30.1) | (4.9-7.6) | Â | |||
Uuskula, 2008 [47] | Estonia | Randomly selected (population registry) | M/F; | 486 | Â | 34.8** | 28.8 | 5.1% | Â |
18-35 | Â | Â | (32.3-37.4) | (26.7-31.0) | (3.4-7.5) | Â | |||
*Scholes, 2007 [43] | US | Participants from enrollees in a managed care plan; Reminders | M; | 230 | Â | 7.8 (6.9-8.9) | 7.8 | 2.6% | Â |
21-25 | Â | Â | Â | (6.9-8.9) | (1.0-5.6) | Â | |||
PTKs without invitation programs (n=4) | |||||||||
Gaydos, 2009 [48] | US | PTKs requested through the internet; Advertised | F; | 1203 | Â | 32.4 | Â | 9.1% | 1.3% |
>=14 | Â | Â | (30.9-33.9) | Â | (7.5-10.8) | (0.8-2.2) | |||
Novak, 2006 [49] | Sweden | PTKs requested through the internet; Advertised | M/F | 906 | Â | 62.5 | Â | 5.2% | Â |
 |  |  | (59.9-65.0) |  | (3.8-6.8) |  | |||
Chai, 2010 [50] | US | PTKs requested through the internet; Advertised | M; | 512 | Â | 31.1 | Â | 12.8 | 0.8% |
>=14 | Â | Â | (28.9-33.4) | Â | (10.0-16.0) | (0.02-2.0) | |||
Martin, 2009 [51] | Australia | PTKs requested through the internet/phone, specimens dropped-off; Advertised | M/F; | 45 | Â | 22.0 | Â | Â | Â |
16-24 | Â | Â | (16.5-28.2) | Â | Â | Â | |||
PTKs with in-person invitation programs (n=4) | |||||||||
Brabin, 2009 [52] | England | PTKs offered to women requesting EHC at pharmacies | F; | 264 | 46.4 | 19.7 | 9.1 | 9.1% | Â |
<=24 | Â | (44.6-48.3) | (17.6-21.9) | (8.1-10.2) | (5.9-13.2) | Â | |||
Sacks-Davis, 2010 [53] | Australia | People at a music festival invited to receive PTKs; Non-monetary incentive; Reminders | M/F; | 67 | 34.7 | 21.4 | 7.4 | 1.5% | Â |
16-29 | Â | (31.6-37.9) | (17.0-26.4) | (5.4-9.3) | (0.0-8.0) | Â | |||
Dabrera, 2010 [54] | England | PTKs offered to women requesting EHC at pharmacies | F; | 7 | 66.7 | 87.5 | 58.3 | Â | Â |
<=21 | Â | (34.9-90.1) | (47.3-99.7) | (27.7-84.8) | Â | Â | |||
Rose, 2010 [55] | New Zealand | PTKs offered to general practice clients to pass to their social contacts | M/F | 3 | Â | Â | Â | 0.0% | Â |
PTKs with pick-up programs (n=3) | |||||||||
Davison, 2007 [56] | Scotland | PTKs picked-up from GUM clinic, youth service, family planning clinic etc. | M/F | 799 | Â | 20.2 | Â | 9.0% | Â |
 |  |  | (18.9-21.5) |  | (7.1-11.2) |  | |||
MHF, 2005 [57] | England | PTKs (pick-up) were available to employees at 6 workplaces; Advertised | M; | 285 F | Â | 12.1 | Â | 1.8% | Â |
<=30 | Â | Â | (10.8-13.5) | Â | (0.6-4.0) | Â | |||
MHF, 2005 [57] | England | PTKs available for pick-up at 5 non-clinical sites | M; | 83 | Â | 18.6G | Â | Â | Â |
<=30 | Â | Â | (15.1-22.5) | Â | Â | Â | |||
Programs with multiple strategies (n=2) | |||||||||
Williamson, 2007 [58] | Scotland | PTKs distributed or picked-up at various locations | M/F; | 2295H | Â | Â | Â | 11.1% | Â |
13-25 | Â | Â | Â | Â | (9.9-12.5) | Â | |||
Buhrer-Skinner, 2009 [59] | Australia | PTKs requested through internet/phone or picked-up at different locations; Advertised | M/F; | 100 | Â | Â | Â | 7.3% | Â |
16-25 | Â | Â | Â | Â | (3.0-14.4) | Â |