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Table 1 Characteristics of total study population and by smoking status, Israel human biomonitoring study, 2011

From: Exposure to tobacco smoke based on urinary cotinine levels among Israeli smoking and nonsmoking adults: a cross-sectional analysis of the first Israeli human biomonitoring study

 

Total study populationa

Non-smokersb

Smokers

p-value*

(N = 248)

(N = 148)

(N = 91)

Characteristic

 

N

% of total

N

% of total

N

% of total

Age (years)

20-44

164

66.1

90

60.8

68

74.7

0.027

45-74

84

33.9

58

39.2

23

25.3

 

Sex

Males

127

51.2

62

41.9

58

63.7

0.001

Females

121

48.8

86

58.1

33

36.3

Ethnicity

Jewish

184

74.2

101

69.7

75

83.3

0.019

Arab

64

25.8

44

30.3

15

16.7

Urbanicity

Urban

218

87.9

137

92.6

75

82.4

0.016

Rural

30

12.1

11

7.4

16

17.6

 

Country of birth

Israel

214

90.7

129

90.2

77

90.6

0.925

Other

22

9.3

14

9.8

8

9.4

 

Education

Lower education

189

76.2

111

77.1

72

79.1

0.714

Higher education

55

22.5

33

22.9

19

20.9

 
  1. *For difference in characteristics between smokers and nonsmokers, significance determined using Chi-Square or Fisher’s Exact test.
  2. aData were missing for Country of Birth (12 participants) and Education (4 participants). 4 participants were not Jewish or Arabs and were excluded from ethnicity analysis.
  3. bThe smoking status could not be verified for 4 participants in the study -who were excluded from further analysis. 5 participants were excluded from the analysis due to discrepancy between self-reported smoking status as “non-smokers” and creatinine-adjusted levels of cotinine > 150 μg/g.