Table 4 Men and women exposed to various traumatic episodes during life time, in 1994 and in the past 3 years, presented by sex with p-values for sex difference in lifetime estimates
Traumatic events | Men life time | Women life time | p-values difference lifetime | Men 1994 + -1 year | Women 1994 + -1 year | Men past 3 years | Women past 3 years | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | ||
1. Imprisoned, kidnapped, held captive | 69 | 15.7 | 25 | 5.2 | < 0.001 | 3 | 0.7 | 5 | 1.0 | 21 | 4.8 | 6 | 1.3 |
2. Been a refugee, forced to flee from home to escape danger/persecution | 96 | 21.8 | 132 | 27.7 | 0.055 | 56 | 12.7 | 64 | 13.4 | 4 | 0.9 | 5 | 1.0 |
3. Experienced forced separation from family members | 19 | 4.3 | 35 | 7.3 | 0.122 | 6 | 1.4 | 12 | 2.5 | 1 | 0.2 | 2 | 0.4 |
4. Experienced a life-threatening injury | 80 | 18.2 | 53 | 11.1 | 0.001 | 13 | 3.0 | 16 | 3.4 | 14 | 3.2* | 5 | 1.0* |
5. Experienced a murder or unnatural death of a family member or a friend | 99 | 22.5 | 124 | 26.0 | 0.248 | 37 | 8.4 | 47 | 9.9 | 10 | 2.3 | 9 | 1.9 |
6. Robbed, mugged, threatened with a weapon | 75 | 17.0 | 82 | 17.2 | 0.930 | 10 | 2.3 | 21 | 4.4 | 14 | 3.2 | 16 | 3.4 |
7. Experienced imprisonment of close family member | 206 | 46.8 | 248 | 52.0 | 0.129 | 39 | 8.9 | 35 | 7.3 | 26 | 5.9 | 29 | 6.1 |
8. Witnessed a traumatic event to a loved one | 136 | 30.9 | 170 | 35.6 | 0.093 | 17 | 3.9 | 24 | 5.0 | 29 | 6.6 | 30 | 6.3 |
9. Ever been raped by a stranger | 5 | 1.1 | 17 | 3.6 | 0.011 | 1 | 0.2 | 1 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.2 |
10. Ever felt forced to have sex in exchange of money or other benefits? | 6 | 1.4 | 25 | 5.2 | 0.001 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.2 | 3 | 0.7 | 2 | 0.4 |
11. Witnessed repeated violence between family members | 25 | 5.7 | 49 | 10.3 | 0.011 | 7 | 1.6 | 6 | 1.3 | 4 | 0.9 | 7 | 1.5 |
12. Witnessed physical/sexual violence against a family member by someone outside of the family | 18 | 4.1 | 36 | 7.5 | 0.034 | 3 | 0.7 | 6 | 1.3 | 3 | 0.7 | 8 | 1.7 |
13. Witnessed someone being badly injured or killed | 43 | 9.8 | 88 | 18.4 | < 0.001 | 14 | 3.2** | 36 | 7.5** | 5 | 1.1 | 5 | 1.0 |
14. Witnessed atrocities, e.g. mass killings, mutilated bodies | 88 | 20.0 | 73 | 15.3 | 0.083 | 62 | 14.1** | 38 | 8.0** | 1 | 0.2 | 4 | 0.8 |
15. Been in a combat situation | 56 | 12.7 | 58 | 12.2 | 0.765 | 16 | 3.6 | 16 | 3.4 | 10 | 2.3 | 10 | 2.1 |
16. Any other life threatening or disturbing event | 74 | 16.8 | 83 | 17.4 | 0.860 | 29 | 6.6 | 29 | 6.1 | 12 | 2.7 | 8 | 1.7 |
Summary measure of all traumatic events | 323 | 73.4 | 399 | 83.6 | 0.132 | 165 | 37.5 | 169 | 35.4 | 110 | 25.0 | 110 | 23.1 |