Variable | Control | Fish | Fish + S | Difference between groups | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Value | n | Value | n | Value | Effect | pvalue* | |
Body mass index (kg/m 2 ) † | ||||||||
Baseline | 39 | 30.9 ± 3.5 | 39 | 31.4 ± 3.6 | 40 | 31.6 ± 3.4 | Time | < 0.001 |
3 months | 29 | 29.3 ± 3.4 | 30 | 29.5 ± 3.6 | 28 | 29.6 ± 3.1 | Group | 0.376 |
12 months | 18 | 28.0 ± 3.6 | 25 | 28.2 ± 3.4 | 20 | 29.8 ± 3.5 | Interaction | 0.370 |
Body fat (%) †# | ||||||||
Baseline | 34 | 36.7 ± 7.3 | 36 | 38.0 ± 7.5 | 36 | 36.0 ± 8.7 | Time | < 0.001 |
3 months | 21 | 33.4 ± 7.7 | 25 | 35.5 ± 7.6 | 20 | 33.0 ± 10.3 | Group | 0.595 |
12 months | 14 | 34.4 ± 7.6 | 16 | 37.4 ± 8.1 | 16 | 34.0 ± 10.2 | Interaction | 0.369 |
Fasting glucose level (mmol/L) † | ||||||||
Baseline | 37 | 5.0 ± 0.5 | 39 | 5.1 ± 0.5 | 39 | 5.0 ± 0.6 | Time | 0.009 |
3 months | 27 | 4.9 ± 0.5 | 30 | 5.0 ± 0.6 | 28 | 4.7 ± 0.6 | Group | 0.585 |
12 months | 17 | 5.1 ± 0.4 | 24 | 4.9 ± 0.7 | 21 | 4.8 ± 0.4 | Interaction | 0.350 |
Fasting insulin level (mU/L) †‡ | ||||||||
Baseline | 37 | 9.1 (7.7 – 12.9) | 39 | 9.6 (7.4 – 13.8) | 39 | 12.0 (8.5 – 17.0) | Time | 0.001 |
3 months | 27 | 8.7 (7.1 – 11.5) | 29 | 9.1 (7.4 – 12.2) | 28 | 10.4 (7.2 – 13.0) | Group | 0.360 |
12 months | 18 | 8.5 (6.3 – 10.5) | 24 | 8.2 (6.2 – 11.1) | 21 | 9.2 (6.5 – 13.1) | Interaction | 0.086 |
Fasting total cholesterol (mmol/L) † | ||||||||
Baseline | 37 | 5.3 ± 1.2 | 39 | 5.3 ± 0.8 | 39 | 5.2 ± 0.9 | Time | < 0.001 |
3 months | 27 | 4.8 ± 0.8 | 30 | 5.0 ± 0.8 | 28 | 5.1 ± 0.9 | Group | 0.309 |
12 months | 18 | 4.6 ± 0.7 | 24 | 5.2 ± 1.0 | 21 | 5.4 ± 0.9 | Interaction | 0.098 |
Fasting triglycerides (mmol/L) †‡ | ||||||||
Baseline | 37 | 1.4 (0.9 – 2.0) | 39 | 1.3 (1.0 – 1.8) | 39 | 1.3 (1.0 – 2.1) | Time | < 0.001 |
3 months | 27 | 1.3 (0.9 – 1.6) | 30 | 1.3 (1.0 – 1.5) | 28 | 1.1 (0.7 – 1.7) | Group | 0.661 |
12 months | 18 | 1.0 (0.7 – 1.5) | 24 | 1.1 (0.9 – 1.4) | 21 | 1.0 (0.6 – 1.5) | Interaction | 0.122 |
Fasting HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) † | ||||||||
Baseline | 37 | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 39 | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 39 | 1.4 ± 0.4 | Time | < 0.001 |
3 months | 27 | 1.5 ± 0.3 | 30 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 28 | 1.4 ± 0.5 | Group | 0.566 |
12 months | 18 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 24 | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 21 | 1.5 ± 0.4 | Interaction | 0.739 |
Fasting LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) † | ||||||||
Baseline | 37 | 3.1 ± 1.1 | 39 | 3.1 ± 0.8 | 38 | 3.1 ± 0.8 | Time | 0.001 |
3 months | 27 | 2.7 ± 0.8 | 30 | 3.0 ± 0.8 | 28 | 3.1 ± 0.7 | Group | 0.242 |
12 months | 18 | 2.7 ± 0.8 | 24 | 3.2 ± 0.9 | 21 | 3.4 ± 0.9 | Interaction | 0.091 |
Fasting leptin (mg/mL)¶‡ | ||||||||
Baseline | 37 | 21.5 (11.7 – 31.3) | 38 | 19.9 (12.3 – 29.6) | 39 | 18.0 (10.4 – 30.9) | Time | < 0.001 |
3 months | 27 | 11.8 (7.2 – 20.5) | 30 | 14.7 (7.2 – 20.8) | 28 | 14.1 (7.0 – 22.6) | Group | 0.682 |
12 months | 18 | 10.7 (5.6 – 16.3) | 24 | 14.1 (7.2 – 23.3) | 21 | 16.7 (6.5 – 27.3) | Interaction | 0.083 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | ||||||||
Baseline | 37 | 126 ± 16 | 39 | 123 ± 16 | 38 | 124 ± 16 | Time | 0.002 |
3 months | 27 | 125 ± 12 | 30 | 120 ± 16 | 26 | 116 ± 12 | Group | 0.673 |
12 months | 16 | 120 ± 11 | 23 | 128 ± 17 | 20 | 120 ± 13 | Interaction | 0.118 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | ||||||||
Baseline | 37 | 74 ± 10 | 39 | 72 ± 9 | 38 | 72 ± 9 | Time | 0.079 |
3 months | 27 | 74 ± 9 | 30 | 72 ± 9 | 26 | 70 ± 8 | Group | 0.990 |
12 months | 16 | 72 ± 7 | 23 | 77 ± 10 | 20 | 74 ± 9 | Interaction | 0.112 |
HOMA-IR | ||||||||
Baseline | 37 | 1.6 ± 1.1 | 39 | 1.5 ± 0.7 | 39 | 1.7 ± 0.7 | Time | < 0.001 |
3 months | 27 | 1.3 ± 0.7 | 29 | 1.5 ± 0.9 | 28 | 1.4 ± 0.5 | Group | 0.326 |
12 months | 17 | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 24 | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 21 | 1.3 ± 0.5 | Interaction | 0.300 |
Omega-3 index (%) ** | ||||||||
Baseline | 36 | 4.0 ± 1.2 | 38 | 3.5 ± 1.1 | 39 | 3.6 ± 1.1 | Time | 0.240 |
3 months | 26 | 3.6 ± 2.0 | 30 | 3.6 ± 1.2 | 28 | 4.5 ± 1.7 | Group | 0.009 |
12 months | 15 | 3.7 ± 0.9 | 23 | 3.4 ± 1.0 | 21 | 4.4 ± 1.6 | Interaction | 0.116 |