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Table 3 Body mass index, % body fat and clinical assessments at baseline, 3 months and 12 months

From: Foods, nutrients or whole diets: effects of targeting fish and LCn3PUFA consumption in a 12mo weight loss trial

Variable

Control

Fish

Fish + S

Difference between groups

n

Value

n

Value

n

Value

Effect

pvalue*

Body mass index (kg/m 2 )

 

Baseline

39

30.9 ± 3.5

39

31.4 ± 3.6

40

31.6 ± 3.4

Time

< 0.001

3 months

29

29.3 ± 3.4

30

29.5 ± 3.6

28

29.6 ± 3.1

Group

0.376

12 months

18

28.0 ± 3.6

25

28.2 ± 3.4

20

29.8 ± 3.5

Interaction

0.370

Body fat (%) †#

 

Baseline

34

36.7 ± 7.3

36

38.0 ± 7.5

36

36.0 ± 8.7

Time

< 0.001

3 months

21

33.4 ± 7.7

25

35.5 ± 7.6

20

33.0 ± 10.3

Group

0.595

12 months

14

34.4 ± 7.6

16

37.4 ± 8.1

16

34.0 ± 10.2

Interaction

0.369

Fasting glucose level (mmol/L)

 

Baseline

37

5.0 ± 0.5

39

5.1 ± 0.5

39

5.0 ± 0.6

Time

0.009

3 months

27

4.9 ± 0.5

30

5.0 ± 0.6

28

4.7 ± 0.6

Group

0.585

12 months

17

5.1 ± 0.4

24

4.9 ± 0.7

21

4.8 ± 0.4

Interaction

0.350

Fasting insulin level (mU/L)

 

Baseline

37

9.1 (7.7 – 12.9)

39

9.6 (7.4 – 13.8)

39

12.0 (8.5 – 17.0)

Time

0.001

3 months

27

8.7 (7.1 – 11.5)

29

9.1 (7.4 – 12.2)

28

10.4 (7.2 – 13.0)

Group

0.360

12 months

18

8.5 (6.3 – 10.5)

24

8.2 (6.2 – 11.1)

21

9.2 (6.5 – 13.1)

Interaction

0.086

Fasting total cholesterol (mmol/L)

 

Baseline

37

5.3 ± 1.2

39

5.3 ± 0.8

39

5.2 ± 0.9

Time

< 0.001

3 months

27

4.8 ± 0.8

30

5.0 ± 0.8

28

5.1 ± 0.9

Group

0.309

12 months

18

4.6 ± 0.7

24

5.2 ± 1.0

21

5.4 ± 0.9

Interaction

0.098

Fasting triglycerides (mmol/L)

 

Baseline

37

1.4 (0.9 – 2.0)

39

1.3 (1.0 – 1.8)

39

1.3 (1.0 – 2.1)

Time

< 0.001

3 months

27

1.3 (0.9 – 1.6)

30

1.3 (1.0 – 1.5)

28

1.1 (0.7 – 1.7)

Group

0.661

12 months

18

1.0 (0.7 – 1.5)

24

1.1 (0.9 – 1.4)

21

1.0 (0.6 – 1.5)

Interaction

0.122

Fasting HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

 

Baseline

37

1.5 ± 0.4

39

1.5 ± 0.4

39

1.4 ± 0.4

Time

< 0.001

3 months

27

1.5 ± 0.3

30

1.4 ± 0.3

28

1.4 ± 0.5

Group

0.566

12 months

18

1.4 ± 0.3

24

1.4 ± 0.4

21

1.5 ± 0.4

Interaction

0.739

Fasting LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

 

Baseline

37

3.1 ± 1.1

39

3.1 ± 0.8

38

3.1 ± 0.8

Time

0.001

3 months

27

2.7 ± 0.8

30

3.0 ± 0.8

28

3.1 ± 0.7

Group

0.242

12 months

18

2.7 ± 0.8

24

3.2 ± 0.9

21

3.4 ± 0.9

Interaction

0.091

Fasting leptin (mg/mL)¶‡

 

Baseline

37

21.5 (11.7 – 31.3)

38

19.9 (12.3 – 29.6)

39

18.0 (10.4 – 30.9)

Time

< 0.001

3 months

27

11.8 (7.2 – 20.5)

30

14.7 (7.2 – 20.8)

28

14.1 (7.0 – 22.6)

Group

0.682

12 months

18

10.7 (5.6 – 16.3)

24

14.1 (7.2 – 23.3)

21

16.7 (6.5 – 27.3)

Interaction

0.083

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

 

Baseline

37

126 ± 16

39

123 ± 16

38

124 ± 16

Time

0.002

3 months

27

125 ± 12

30

120 ± 16

26

116 ± 12

Group

0.673

12 months

16

120 ± 11

23

128 ± 17

20

120 ± 13

Interaction

0.118

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

 

Baseline

37

74 ± 10

39

72 ± 9

38

72 ± 9

Time

0.079

3 months

27

74 ± 9

30

72 ± 9

26

70 ± 8

Group

0.990

12 months

16

72 ± 7

23

77 ± 10

20

74 ± 9

Interaction

0.112

HOMA-IR

 

Baseline

37

1.6 ± 1.1

39

1.5 ± 0.7

39

1.7 ± 0.7

Time

< 0.001

3 months

27

1.3 ± 0.7

29

1.5 ± 0.9

28

1.4 ± 0.5

Group

0.326

12 months

17

1.2 ± 0.5

24

1.2 ± 0.5

21

1.3 ± 0.5

Interaction

0.300

Omega-3 index (%) **

 

Baseline

36

4.0 ± 1.2

38

3.5 ± 1.1

39

3.6 ± 1.1

Time

0.240

3 months

26

3.6 ± 2.0

30

3.6 ± 1.2

28

4.5 ± 1.7

Group

0.009

12 months

15

3.7 ± 0.9

23

3.4 ± 1.0

21

4.4 ± 1.6

Interaction

0.116

  1. Values are expressed as mean ± SD or median (interquartile range).
  2. HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance.
  3. *Linear mixed model, significance at p = 0.05.
  4. ¶Leptin adjusted for body fat.
  5. p value based on five time points (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months).
  6. #Body fat assessed by DEXA.
  7. ‡Ln transformed.
  8. **Erythrocyte[EPA + DHA]/[total fatty acids] × 100%.