Table 1 Sample characteristics by social integration at baseline, Health and Retirement Study, 1998–2006
Variable | All | Low social integration (0–3) | High social integration (4,5) | Difference p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|  | (N = 4,323) | (N = 3,184) | (N = 1,139) |  |
Metabolic function (2006), mean (SD) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 TC (mg/dl) | 200.6 (40.5) | 199.7 (40.2) | 202.9 (41.0) | 0.025 |
 HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 57.7 (14.6) | 57.4 (14.2) | 58.2 (15.6) | 0.156 |
 HbA1c (%) | 5.8 (0.8) | 5.8 (0.8) | 5.7 (0.8) | 0.004 |
 WC (mm) | 100.5 (14.4) | 100.7 (14.4) | 100.1 (14.6) | 0.278 |
 BP |  |  |  |  |
 Systolic BP (mmHg) | 130.6 (19.9) | 131.7 (20.3) | 127.6 (18.1) | < 0.001 |
 Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 80.1 (11.2) | 80.2 (11.5) | 79.9 (10.4) | 0.421 |
 Metabolic dysregulation index |  |  |  |  |
 0 | 25.6% | 24.3% | 29.1% | < 0.001 |
 1 | 35.7% | 35.0% | 37.6% | |
 2 | 25.3% | 26.8% | 21.4% | |
 3–5 | 13.4% | 14.0% | 12.0% | |
Demographic and social status | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Age, mean (SD) | 53.7 (10.0) | 54.7 (10.3) | 51.2 (8.8) | < 0.001 |
 Sex, 1 = female (%) | 54.9% | 55.2% | 54.1% | 0.510 |
 Race, 1 = nonwhite (%) | 13.5% | 15.1% | 9.2% | < 0.001 |
 Education, 1 = 12+ years (%) | 50.9% | 47.0% | 61.3% | < 0.001 |
 Household income, 1 = top quartile (%) | 25.0% | 19.7% | 38.9% | < 0.001 |
Health behaviors | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Cigarette smoking, 1 = ever (%) | 56.3% | 57.9% | 51.8% | < 0.001 |
 Excessive drinking, 1 = yes (%) | 1.9% | 2.0% | 1.7% | 0.472 |
 Regular exercise, 1 = yes (%) | 46.2% | 43.9% | 52.3% | < 0.001 |
Illness/conditions | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 BMI, mean (SD) | 29.2 (5.7) | 29.1 (5.8) | 29.5 (5.7) | 0.309 |
 Depressive symptoms (CES-D), mean (SD) | 1.4 (1.8) | 1.5 (1.9) | 1.0 (1.5) | < 0.001 |
 Chronic conditions, mean (SD) | 0.7 (0.8) | 0.8 (0.8) | 0.6 (0.7) | < 0.001 |
 On HBP medications (%) | 46.1% | 47.2% | 43.1% | 0.017 |
 On diabetes medications (%) | 13.9% | 14.4% | 12.6% | 0.139 |