Table 4 Moderator effects: subgroup analysis (post-test)
From: Positive psychology interventions: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies
| Outcome measure | Criteria | Subgroup (study) | n | Cohen’s d (95% CI) | Test for subgroup differences |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subjective well-being | Self-selection | Self-selected | 15 | 0.29 (0.18 – 0.39)*** | Q=0.64, df=1 (p=.43) |
| Not self-selected | 13 | 0.38 (0.17 – 0.60)** | |||
| Duration | <=4 weeks | 17 | 0.35 (0.18 – 0.52)*** | Q=1.84, df=2 (p=.91) | |
| <=8 weeks | 6 | 0.24 (0.10 - 0.39)** | Slope=0.01, Z=0.14 (p=.89) | ||
| >8 weeks | 5 | 0.43 (0.17 – 0.68)** | |||
| Type | Self help | 20 | 0.33 (0.20 – 0.46)*** | Q=0.20, df=2 (p=.91) | |
| Group | 5 | 0.38 (0.03 – 0.73)* | |||
| Individual | 3 | 0.41 (0.01 – 0.81)* | |||
| Recruitment | Community | 6 | 0.29 (0.11 – 0.48)** | Q=5.36, df=4 (p=.25) | |
| Internet | 2 | 0.06 (−0.24 – 0.35)ns | |||
| Referral/hospital | 2 | 0.51 (0.08 – 0.95)* | |||
| University | 16 | 0.36 (0.19 – 0.53)*** | |||
| Organization | 2 | 0.62 (0.11-1.12)* | |||
| Psychosocial problems | Specific psychosocial problems | 4 | 0.31 (0.09 – 0.52)** | Q=0.10, df=1 (p=.76) | |
| None | 24 | 0.35 (0.22 – 0.48)*** | |||
| Quality rating | Low (1–2) | 16 | 0.29 (0.17 – 0.40)*** | Q=2.41, df=2 (p=.30) | |
| Medium (3–4) | 11 | 0.40 (0.19 – 0.61)*** | Slope=−0.00, Z=0.08 (p=.94) | ||
| High (5–6) | 1 | 0.05 (−0.34 – 0.44)ns | |||
| Psychological well-being | Self-selection | Self-selected | 15 | 0.18 (0.05 – 0.30)** | Q=0.32, df=1 (P=.57) |
| Not self-selected | 5 | 0.25 (0.04- 0.46) * | |||
| Duration | <=4 weeks | 11 | 0.16 (0.07 – 0.25)*** | Q=1.91, df=2 (p=.39) | |
| <=8 weeks | 2 | 0.35 (−0.20 – 0.89)ns | Slope=0.05, Z=0.95 (p=.34) | ||
| >8 weeks | 7 | 0.41 (0.03 – 0.79)* | |||
| Type | Self help | 10 | 0.14 (0.05 – 0.23)** | Q=3.76, df=2 (p=.15) | |
| Group | 6 | 0.26 (0.08 – 0.44)** | |||
| Individual | 4 | 0.81 (−0.01 – 1.63)ns | |||
| Recruitment | Community | 4 | 0.20 (−0.03 – 0.44)ns | Q=7.04, df=4 (p=.13) | |
| Internet | 5 | 0.09 (−0.03 – 0.21)ns | |||
| Referral/hospital | 4 | 0.91 (0.24 – 1.57)** | |||
| University | 5 | 0.22 (0.08 – 0.35)** | |||
| Organization | 2 | 0.18 (−0.43 – 0.78)ns | |||
| Psychosocial problems | Specific psychosocial problems | 5 | 0.59 (0.00 – 1.18)* | Q=1.93, df=1 (p=.17) | |
| None | 15 | 0.17 (0.08 – 0.25)*** | |||
| Quality rating | Low (1–2) | 10 | 0.32 (0.07 – 0.58)* | Q=1.86, df=2 (p=.40) | |
| Medium (3–4) | 9 | 0.15 (0.06 – 0.24)** | Slope=−0.01, Z=−0.45 (p=.66) | ||
| High (5–6) | 1 | 0.29 (−0.11 – 0.68)ns | |||
| Depression | Self-selection | Self-selected | 12 | 0.20 (0.05– 0.36)* | Q=1.73, df=1 (p=.19) |
| Not self-selected | 2 | 0.41 (0.15 – 0.66)** | |||
| Duration | <=4 weeks | 7 | 0.15 (0.02 - 0.28)* | Q=4.86, df=2 (p=.09) | |
| <=8 weeks | 2 | 0.47 (−0.02 - 0.97)ns | Slope=0.20, Z=2.32 (p=.02) | ||
| >8 weeks | 5 | 0.68 (0.15 – 1.21)* | |||
| Type | Self help | 8 | 0.15 (0.03 – 0.27)* | Q=6.99, df=2 (p=.03) | |
| Group | 2 | 0.47 (−0.02 – 0.97)ns | |||
| Individual | 4 | 0.88 (0.29 – 1.47)** | |||
| Recruitment | Community | 1 | 0.48 (−0.23 – 1.18)ns | Q=15.76, df=4 (p<.01) | |
| Internet | 5 | 0.11 (−0.02 – 0.23)ns | |||
| Referral/hospital | 3 | 1.14 (0.55 – 1.73)*** | |||
| University | 3 | 0.41 (0.17 – 0.65)** | |||
| Organization | 2 | 0.22 (−0.18 – 0.63)ns | |||
| Psychosocial problems | Specific psychosocial problems | 5 | 0.78 (0.35 – 1.21)*** | Q=7.65, df=1 (p=.01) | |
| None | 9 | 0.16 (0.05 – 0.27)** | |||
| Quality rating | Low (1–2) | 7 | 0.47 (0.26 – 0.67)*** | Q=10.14, df=2 (p=.01) | |
| Medium (3–4) | 6 | 0.15 (0.00 – 0.30)* | Slope=−0.10, Z=−2.26 (p=.02) | ||
| High (5–6) | 1 | −0.17 (−0.56 – 0.22)ns |