Awareness of diabetes mellitus among diabetic patients in the Gambia: a strong case for health education and promotion

Table 4 Odds ratios and their 95% confidence interval for the associations of awareness of DM with various social demographic factors and co-morbidities

Variable (reference)	Adjusted Odds Ratio*	95% C.I.	P-Value
Age of respondent (< 45 years)
45-60 years	1.02	0.98-1.05	0.32
> 60 years	3.60	0.94-13.70	0.06
Education level (Arabic school)
High school	19.77	5.19-75.19	<0.001
Middle school	5.23	1.75-15.58	0.0030
None	1.37	0.47-3.94	0.5630
Primary	1.48	0.47-4.65	0.5022
University	10.40	2.23-48.49	0.0029
Ethnicity (Aku)
Fula	19.07	0.85-425.26	0.0628
Mandinka	13.53	0.59-312.18	0.1038
Others	5.36	0.32-90.69	0.2450
Sarahule	3.08	0.07-144.20	0.5663
Wolof	18.93	0.86-418.63	0.0627
Occupation ( Non sedentary)
Sedentary	1.91	0.75-4.90	0.1775
Place of residence ( Rural )
Urban	1.35	0.55-3.33	0.5176
Sex (Female)
Male	1.23	0.55-2.72	0.6272
Religion (Christianity)
Islam	0.21	0.02-1.92	0.1656
Adherence to monthly clinic visits (No)
Yes	1.19	0.26-5.46	0.8233
Duration of DM illness (<1 year )
>10 years	3.83	1.06-13.90	0.0409
5-10 years	3.53	0.96-12.99	0.0578
1-5 years	2.39	0.72-7.89	0.1527
Knowledge of someone with diabetes (No)
Yes	2.78	0.67-2.24	0.0092
Co-morbidities with DM
Hypertension (Yes vs. No)	1.01	0.58-1.76	0.9729
Heart Disease (Yes vs. No)	2.31	0.41-12.91	0.3400
Hypercholesterolemia (Yes vs. No)	1.01	0.58-1.76	0.9729

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