Table 2 Risk factors of NCDs and aging
From: Biobanking across the phenome - at the center of chronic disease research
Risk factor studied | Disease or trait | Acclerated aging and impaired function | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
Smoking | Humoral immunity | Immune system aging | [48] |
Inflammatory response | Immune system aging | [53] | |
Heart rate variabiltiy | Autnomous nervous system aging | [54] | |
Alzheimer | Premature cognitive impairment, CNS aging | [55] | |
Atherosclerosis | Cardiovascular aging | [56] | |
Elastosis of the neck | Skin aging | [57] | |
Bone mineral density | Bone aging | [58] | |
Obesity, BMI, high calorie intake, | Impaired immune response | Immune system aging | [59] |
Waist-hip ratio, skin-folds, | CD8 Tcell activation | Immune system aging | [59] |
Body weight | Lipodystrophy | Adipocyte aging | [60] |
Heart rate variabiltiy | Autnomous nervous system aging | [61] | |
Alzheimer | Premature cognitive impairment, CNS aging | [55] | |
Atherosclerosis | Cardiovascular aging | [56] | |
Alopecia | Hair aging | [62] | |
Bone mineral density | Bone aging | [58] | |
Dyslipidemia | Atherosclerosis | Cardiovascular aging | [56] |
Alopecia | Hair aging | [62] | |
History of diabetes | Alzheimer | Premature cognitive impairment, CNS aging | [55] |
Bone mineral density | Bone aging | [58] | |
Hypertension, | Alzheimer | Premature cognitive impairment, CNS aging | [55] |
High resting pulse | Atherosclerosis | Cardiovascular aging | [56] |
Osteoporosis | Bone aging | [63] | |
Bone mineral density | Bone aging | [58] | |
Other chronic diseases, | Immunosenescence | Immune system aging | [64] |
Comorbidity | Lipodystrophy | Adipocyte aging | [65] |
Atherosclerosis | Cardiovascular aging | [56] | |
Sacropenia | Muscle aging | [66] | |
Osteoporosis | Bone aging | [63] | |
Medication intake | Sacropenia | Muscle aging | [66] |
Osteoporosis | Bone aging | [63] | |
UV light/sun exposure | Alopecia | Hair aging | [62] |
Low sun exposure | Elastosis of the neck | Skin aging | [57] |
Sacropenia | Muscle aging | [66] | |
Health behaviours | Alzheimer | Premature cognitive impairment, CNS aging | [55] |
Low level of mental activity | Atherosclerosis | Cardiovascular aging | [56] |
Physical inactivity | Sacropenia | Muscle aging | [66] |
Osteoporosis | Bone aging | [63] | |
Depression | Atherosclerosis | Cardiovascular aging | [56] |
Poor diet | Sacropenia | Muscle aging | [66] |
Weight loss/no weight gain | Osteoporosis | Bone aging | [63] |
Low education | Alzheimer | Premature cognitive impairment, CNS aging | [55] |
Atherosclerosis | Cardiovascular aging | [56] | |
Psychosocial factors | Alzheimer | Premature cognitive impairment, CNS aging | [55] |