Skip to main content

Table 1 Odds ratios for factors on health, financial hardship and social support for both Wave I and II a

From: The concerned significant others of people with gambling problems in a national representative sample in Sweden – a 1 year follow-up study

  

PHASE I

PHASE II

  

OR Crude (95% CI)

OR Controlled for age and PGSI (95% CI)

OR Crude for CSOs (95% CI)

OR for CSOs Controlled for age and PGSI (95% CI)

  

Men

Women

Men

Women

Men

Women

Men

Women

Health

Problem gambling (PGSI3+)

3.2 (2.2–4.6)***

0.7 (0.3–1.6)ns

–

-

4.1 (2.6–6.5)***

0.7 (0.2–1.7)ns

-

-

Good health

1.0 (0.8–1.2)ns

0.9 (0.8–1.1)ns

0.8 (0.7–1.0)ns

0.8 (0.6–0.9)*

1.1 (0.8–1.3)ns

1.0 (0.8–1.2)ns

0.9 (0.7–1.1)ns

0.8 (0.6–1.0)*

Mental health problem (Kessler 6)

1.7 (1.4–2.0)***

1.8 (1.5–2.2) ***

1.5 (1.2–1.7)***

1.6 (1.4–1.9)***

1.8 (1.5–2.2)***

2.1 (1.7–2.5)***

1.6 (1.3–2.0)***

1.9 (1.5–2.3)***

Risky alcohol behavior (AUDIT)

2.4 (2.0–2.9)***

1.8 (1.4–2.3)***

2.0 (1.6–2.4)***

1.4 (1.0–1.8)*

2.8 (2.2–3.4)***

1.7 (1.2–2.5)**

2.1 (1.7–2.7)***

1.4 (0.9–2.0)ns

Sick leave (self-reported)

0.9 (0.6–1.2)ns

1.5 (1.2–1.9)**

1.1 (0.8–1.5)ns

2.0 (1.6–2.5)***

-

-

--

-

Social support and fear of losing employment

Fear of losing employment

1.7 (1.3–2.1)***

1.1 (0.8–1.5)ns

1.6 (1.2–2.1)***

1.0 (0.7–1.4)ns

1.2 (0.9–1.7)ns

0.9 (0.6–1.4)ns

1.2 (0.8–1.7)ns

0.8 (0.6–1.3)ns

Practical help

1.2 (0.8–1.8)ns

0.6 (0.3–0.9)*

1.1 (0.7–1.6)ns

0.5 (0.3–0.8)**

-

-

-

-

Someone to share feelings with

0.9 (0.7–1.2)ns

0.7 (0.5–1.0)*

0.9 (0.7–1.2)ns

0.5 (0.4–0.7)***

-

-

-

-

Violence in last 12 months

3.3 (2.4–4.4)***

7.2 (4.5–11.5)***

2.6 (1.9–3.5)***

5.9 (3.7–9.4)***

-

-

-

-

Financial hardship

Difficult pay bills in last 12 months

1.8 (1.4–2.2)***

1.7 (1.4–2.1)***

1.6 (1.3–2.0)***

1.5 (1.2–1.9)***

1.6 (1.2–2.1)**

2.5 (2.0–3.3)***

1.2 (0.9–1.7)ns

2.3 (1.7–3.0)***

Living on social welfare

1.9 (1.3–2.8)**

1.8 (1.3–2.6)**

1.5 (1.0–2.2)*

1.7 (1.2–2.5)**

-

-

-

-

Life events in last 12 months

More argument with someone close

-

-

-

-

2.6 (1.8–3.6)***

2.5 (1.8–3.4)***

2.0 (1.4–2.9)***

2.1 (1.5–2.9)***

Problem at work

-

-

-

-

1.4 (1.0–1.9)*

1.4 (1.0–1.9)*

1.3 (0.9–1.7)ns

1.4 (1.0–1.8)*

Legal problems

-

-

-

-

2.6 (1.8–3.8)***

1.3 (0.8–2.2)ns

2.4 (1.6–3.6)***

1.3 (0.8–2.1)ns

Divorce or separation

-

-

-

-

1.6 (1.2–2.3)**

2.2 (1.5–3.1)***

1.4 (1.0–1.9)ns

1.9 (1.4–2.8)***

Worse economy

-

-

-

-

1.3 (1.0–1.8)ns

1.2 (0.9–1.6)ns

1.2 (0.9–1.6)ns

1.2 (0.9–1.6)ns

Better economy

-

-

-

-

1.2 (0.9–1.7)ns

1.2 (0.9–1.7)ns

1.0 (0.8–1.3)ns

1.1 (0.8–1.5)ns

  1. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.
  2. aBold text indicate significant findings.
Back to article page

BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

Contact us