From: High prevalence of type 2 diabetes among the urban middle class in Bangladesh
Variable | Type-2 diabetes | Insulin resistance | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | |
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
Age | ||||
30 to 40 (ref) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
41 to 50 | 3.17 (1.64, 6.14) * | 2.97 (1.51, 5.86) * | 1.95 (1.13, 3.36) * | 1.92 (1.08, 3.44) * |
51 to 60 | 3.86 (1.99, 7.47) * | 3.73 (1.89, 7.34) * | 3.07 (1.76, 5.36) * | 3.44 (1.88, 6.30) * |
>60 | 9.00 (4.48, 18.1) * | 7.02 (3.31, 14.9) * | 5.96 ( 3.11, 11.4) * | 7.16 (3.51, 14.6) * |
Sex | ||||
Male (ref) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
Female | 1.34 (0.89, 2.03) | 2.01 (1.35, 3.00) * | 1.84 (1.17, 2.89) * | |
Education (years) | ||||
University (ref) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
High school + college | 1.16 (0.73, 1.82) | 0.98 (0.64, 1.50) | ||
Primary school | 1.70 (0.94, 3.09) | 1.47 (0.81, 2.66) | ||
Currently married | ||||
Yes (ref) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
No | 2.33 (1.37, 3.96) * | 1.69 (0.92, 3.09) | 2.12 (1.21, 3.71) * | 1.62 (0.84, 3.14) |
Currently employed | ||||
Yes (ref) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
No | 2.21 (1.45, 3.38) * | 1.43 (0.88, 2.32) | 2.51 (1.68, 3.75) * | |
Living in Dhaka | ||||
Native (ref) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
Migrant | 1.13 (0.71, 1.78) | 0.96 (0.62, 1.49) | ||
Body mass index (kg/m2) | ||||
Lean or normal, <25.0 (ref) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
Overweight, 25.1 -30.0 | 0.94 (0.59, 1.50) | 1.81 (1.16, 2.84) * | 1.88 (1.12, 3.13) * | |
Obese, >30.0 | 1.33 (0.76, 2.30) | 2.60 (1.49, 4.53) * | 2.17 (1.15, 4.09) * | |
Smoking | ||||
Non-smoker (ref) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
Former smoker | 1.28 (0.71, 2.31) | 0.87 (0.48, 1.55) | ||
Current smoker | 0.70 (0.39, 1.24) | 0.64 (0.37, 1.08) | ||
Smoke-less tobacco use | ||||
No (ref) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
Yes | 2.06 (1.19, 3.56) * | 1.44 (0.82, 2.50) | ||
Family history of diabetes | ||||
No (ref) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Yes | 2.01 (1.32, 3.04) * | 2.17 (1.38, 3.41) * | 2.07 (1.38, 3.09) * | 1.98 (1.26, 3.10) * |
Wealth index Ψ | ||||
0 (ref) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
1-2 | 1.80 (1.12, 2.89) * | 1.83 (1.18, 2.84) * | 1.14 (0.70, 1.88) | |
3-4 | 1.83 (0.96, 3.48) | 3.56 (1.84, 6.88) * | 1.84 (0.89, 3.77) |