Men (N = 2068) | Women (N = 2741) | P-valuea | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Primary education N = 456 22.1% | Secondary education N = 1055 51.0% | College/ University N = 557 26.9% | p-valueaeducation | Total | Primary education N = 1145 41.8% | Secondary education N = 1277 46.6% | College/ University N = 319 11.6% | p-valueaeducation | men vs women P < 0.001 | |
Midlife factors | |||||||||||
Age, Mean (SD) | 47.5(7.1) | 47.1 | 46.6 | 46.6 | 0.367 | 48.1 (7.2) | 48.8 | 47.4 | 48.8 | 0.567 | <0.001 b |
≥1 chronic diseases c (%) | 29.6 | 29.8 | 30.4 | 27.8 | 0.550 | 24.8 | 27.5 | 22.9 | 22.9 | 0.024 | <0.001 |
Married/living together (%) | 89.9 | 87.2 | 91.0 | 90.4 | 0.126 | 83.8 | 83.4 | 84.7 | 81.6 | 0.524 | <0.001 |
Occupation (%) | |||||||||||
Homemaker/miscellaneous | 4.2 | 8.1 | 3.9 | 1.6 | <0.001 | 74.1 | 80.4 | 72.7 | 57.1 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Manual | 38.2 | 58.6 | 46.6 | 5.4 | 3.7 | 6.6 | 2.0 | 0.3 | |||
Services | 30.6 | 22.1 | 36.2 | 26.8 | 17.3 | 12.2 | 21.1 | 20.1 | |||
Professional | 27.1 | 11.2 | 13.3 | 66.2 | 4.9 | 0.8 | 4.2 | 22.6 | |||
Did not own house (%) | 10.8 | 13.8 | 10.2 | 9.5 | 0.061 | 11.1 | 14.2 | 8.8 | 8.5 | <0.001 | 0.807 |
Did not personally own car (%) | 13.1 | 21.3 | 11.2 | 10.1 | <0.001 | 30.2 | 37.1 | 26.2 | 21.3 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Housing features d | |||||||||||
Lack of 2–6 features | 3.7 | 8.1 | 3.1 | 1.1 | <0.001 | 2.9 | 5.6 | 1.1 | 0.6 | <0.001 | 0.265 |
Lack of 1 feature | 44.3 | 53.1 | 45.0 | 35.9 | 45.7 | 53.3 | 42.2 | 32.6 | |||
Possesses all features | 52.0 | 38.8 | 51.8 | 63.0 | 51.4 | 41.1 | 56.7 | 66.8 | |||
Early life circumstances (from AGES-Reykjavik) | |||||||||||
Not enough to eat (%) | 5.2 | 8.8 | 4.7 | 3.2 | 0.001 | 2.8 | 4.3 | 2.0 | 0.9 | 0.001 | <0.001 |
Old age outcome measures | |||||||||||
Mobility limitations e (%) | 26.8 | 31.1 | 28.2 | 20.6 | <0.001 | 39.5 | 43.8 | 37.7 | 32.0 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Indication of depressed mood (%) | 11.0 | 14.7 | 11.4 | 7.2 | <0.001 | 12.8 | 14.8 | 12.3 | 7.2 | 0.001 | 0.058 |