Table 8 Types of catastrophic costs
Author(s) (year) | Country | Catastrophic Costs for Average Income Earners | Range (% of annual income) | Catastrophic Costs for Lowest 20% | Range (% of annual income) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aspler, et al. (1998) [41] | Zambia | Total | 12 | Total, direct, indirect, pre-diagnosis, treatment, time, transportation, medication, hospitalization, direct clinic-based DOTS, indirect clinic-based DOTS | 12-40 |
Awofeso, N. (1998) [42] | Nigeria | Medication | 121 | Medication | 589 |
Bevan, E. (1997) [43] | Kenya | ___ | ___ | Medication, syringes and needles | 11-32 |
Chard, S. (2001) [46] | Uganda | Medication, traditional healer, “tipping” providers | 12-165 | Medication, traditional healer, “tipping” providers | 41-544 |
Chard, S. (2009) [47] | Uganda | Private provider, traditional healer | 47-188 | Private provider, traditional healer | 154-618 |
Datiko and Lindtjørn (2010) [48] | Ethiopia | Total, travel, time, caregiver, direct, food | 17-48 | Total, travel, time, caregiver, direct, food | 15-104 |
Floyd, et al. (2003) [50] | Malawi | Travel, hospitalization, DOTS visit | 13-262 | Travel, hospitalization | 18-1043 |
Floyd, et al. (1997) [51] | South Africa | Total, hospitalization | 11-12 | Total, hospitalization | 17-67 |
Gibson, et al. (1998) [52] | Sierra Leone | pre-program, program, hospital admission fees | 17-88 | Total, pre-program, program, hospital admission fees | 32-287 |
Harper, et al. (2003) [53] | The Gambia | Private treatment | 11 | Private treatment | 54 |
Kemp, et al. (2007) [54] | Malawi | Direct, income lost, user fees and medication, pre-diagnosis | 21-40 | Direct, income lost, user fees and medication, pre-diagnosis, food, travel | 15-155 |
Mesfin, et al. (2010) [55] | Ethiopia | Medical, non-medical, indirect, direct, medication, caregiver, total | 11-136 | Medical, non-medical, indirect, direct, medication, caregiver, travel, total | 12-292 |
Moalosi, et al. (2003) [56] | Botswana | Total caregiver costs Caregiver hospitalization Caregiver food and supplies | 13-51 | Total caregiver costs, caregiver hospitalization, caregiver medication, caregiver food and supplies | 29-258 |
Needham, et al. (1996) [57] | Zambia | Total medical, direct, income lost | 16-148 | Total medical, total non-medical, direct, income lost | 43-688 |
Needham, et al. (1998) [58] | Zambia | Total, indirect, pre-diagnosis, non-medical, food | 11-47 | Total, indirect, pre-diagnosis, non-medical, medical, food, diagnostic tests, caregiver, private provider, traditional healer, consultation fees, travel, | 15-214 |
Needham, et al. (2004) [59] | Zambia | ___ | ___ | Transportation | 11 |
Nganda, et al. (2003) [60] | Kenya | Hospitalization, travel | 33-101 | Hospitalization, travel | 22-336 |
Okello, et al. (2003) [61] | Uganda | Hospitalization, travel | 12-73 | Hospitalization, travel | 40-241 |
Saunderson, P.R. (1995) [31] | Uganda | Total, hospitalization, pre-diagnosis, indirect | 34-249 | Total, hospitalization, pre-diagnosis, indirect | 111-809 |
Sinanovic, et al. (2003) [63] | South Africa | ___ | ___ | Total | 11-43 |
Sinanovic and Kumaranay-ake (2006) [64] | South Africa | ___ | ___ | Total, time, travel | 11-53 |
Vassall, et al. (2010) [65] | Ethiopia | Direct, indirect, travel and total pretreatment | 23-298 | Direct, indirect, travel and total pretreatment | 50-639 |
Wandwalo, et al. (2005) [66] | Tanzania | Total, direct, indirect | 16-32 | Total, direct, indirect | 18-65 |
Wilkinson, et al. (1997) [67] | South Africa | ___ | ___ | Total, hospitalization | 20-27 |
Wyss, et al. (2001) [68] | Tanzania | Private provider | 12 | Traditional healer, private provider, hospitalization | 10-29 |