Table 7 Reported direct, indirect and total costs
Author(s) year | Country | Cost estimate (I$) | % Annual per-capita income (entire population) | % Annual per-capita income (income-poorest 20% of the population) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Direct costs | |||||
Aspler, et al. [41] | Zambia | 11 | 2 | 13 | Total direct costs including medical and non-medical costs (IQR I$6- I$17) |
Datiko and Lindtjorn [48] | Ethiopia | 17 | 8 | 17 | Direct patient costs under community-based DOTS (sd I$12) |
Datiko and Lindtjorn [48] | Ethiopia | 49 | 24 | 51 | Direct patient costs under health facility-based DOTS (sd I$44) |
Kemp, et al. [54] | Malawi | 39 | 21 | 83a | Mean total direct costs for smear-positive patients (median I$19) |
Kemp, et al. [54] | Malawi | 74 | 40 | 156a | Mean total direct costs for smear-negative patients (median I$38) |
Mesfin, et al. [55] | Ethiopia | 114 | 60 | 129 | Mean total direct costs (median I$61; IQR I$26- I$132) |
Needham, et al. [57] | Zambia | 64 | 16 | 73 | Total mean direct costs |
Needham, et al. [58] | Zambia | 14 | 3 | 20 | Total mean direct medical costs (median I$5) |
Needham, et al. [58] | Zambia | 31 | 8 | 45 | Total mean direct non-medical costs (median I$14) |
Vassall, et al. [65] | Ethiopia | 527 | 277 | 595 | Total mean direct pretreatment costs including transport and non-transport costs for (median I$66) |
Wandwalo, et al. [66] | Tanzania | 59 | 17 | 33b | Total direct costs under a health facility-based DOTS strategy |
Wandwalo, et al. [66] | Tanzania | 13 | 4 | 8b | Total direct costs under a community-based DOTS strategy |
Indirect Costs | |||||
Aspler, et al. [41] | Zambia | 21 | 5 | 25 | Median total indirect costs (IQR I$11- I$39) |
Datiko and Lindtjorn [48] | Ethiopia | 18 | 9 | 18 | Mean indirect cost under community-based DOTS |
Datiko and Lindtjorn [48] | Ethiopia | 48 | 50 | 24 | Mean indirect cost under health facility-based DOTS |
Mesfin, et al. [55] | Ethiopia | 145 | 76 | 164 | Average indirect costs from first consultation to diagnosis including income lost and travel time cost (median I$44; IQR I$15- I$101) |
Mesfin, et al. [55] | Ethiopia | 54 | 28 | 60 | Average indirect costs prior to diagnosis (median I$26.) including income last and travel time cost |
Needham, et al. [58] | Zambia | 99 | 25 | 145 | Total lost income (median I$37) |
Vassall, et al. [65] | Ethiopia | 44 | 23 | 50 | Total mean indirect pretreatment costs (median I$0) |
Wandwalo, et al. [66] | Tanzania | 56 | 16 | 32b | Total indirect costs under a health facility-based DOTS strategy |
Wandwalo, et al. [66] | Tanzania | 19 | 5 | 11b | Total indirect costs under a community-based DOTS strategy |
Total Costs | |||||
Aspler, et al. [41] | Zambia | 34 | 7 | 41 | Total median costs per patients (IQR I$19-I$56) in which direct and indirect costs comprised 34% and 62%, respecitvely |
Chard, S. [46] | Uganda | 25 | 8 | 27c | Total reported costs for biomedical treatment |
Datiko and Lindtjorn [48] | Ethiopia | 34 | 17 | 36d | Total patient costs under community-based DOTS (sd I$16) |
Datiko and Lindtjorn [48] | Ethiopia | 99 | 48 | 104d | Total patient costs under health facility-based DOTS (sd I$50) |
Floyd, et al. [51] | South Africa | 155 | 4 | 23e | Total cost to patients under DOTS |
Floyd, et al. [51] | South Africa | 461 | 12 | 67e | Total cost to patients under the conventional systemf |
Gibson and Boillot [52] | Sierra Leone | 26 | 10 | 33g | Total cost for patients under the National Leprosy and TB Control Program |
Mesfin, et al. [55] | Ethiopia | 259 | 136 | 292 | Mean total costs (median I$119; IQR I$53- I$242) |
Needham, et al. [58] | Zambia | 68 | 17 | 100 | Total patient costs (median I$32) |
Saunderson, P.R. [31] | Uganda | 584 | 249 | 809 | Total cost under the strategy that utilizes hospitalization for the first two months of treatment followed by an outpatient continuation phase for 4–10 months. |
Sinanovic and Kumaranayake [64] | South Africa | 102 | 3 | 17h | Total cost per patient attending a public-non-governmental organization partnership site (95% CI I$73- I$123) |
Sinanovic and Kumaranayake [64] | South Africa | 95 | 2 | 16h | Total cost per patient attending a public-non-governmental organization partnership site (95% CI I$82- 104) |
Sinanovic and Kumaranayake [64] | South Africa | 264 | 7 | 44h | Total cost per patient attending a public hospital (95% CI I$251- I$274) |
Sinanovic and Kumaranayake [64] | South Africa | 317 | 8 | 53h | Total cost per patient attending a public hospital (95% CI I$293- I$363) |
Sinanovic, et al. [63] | South Africa | 2 | 0.044 | 0.24i | Total cost for a clinic DOTS visit, where clinic used for DOTS and total cost for monitoring/collection of drugs in Nyanga (95% CI I$1- I$2) |
Sinanovic, et al. [63] | South Africa | 2 | 0.041 | 0.23i | Total cost for a clinic DOTS visit, where clinic used for DOTS and total cost for monitoring/collection of drugs in Guguletu (95% CI I$1- I$2) |
Sinanovic, et al. [63] | South Africa | 1 | 0.01 | 0.08i | Total cost for a DOTS visit, where community treatment supporter u used for in Guguletu (95% CI I$1- I$2) |
Vassall, et al. [65] | Ethiopia | 567 | 298 | 639 | Total mean pretreatment costs |
Wandwalo, et al. [66] | Tanzania | 116 | 32 | 65b | Total costs under a health facility-based DOTS strategy |
Wandwalo, et al. [66] | Tanzania | 32 | 9 | 18b | Total costs under a community-based DOTS strategy |
Wilkinson, et al. [67] | South Africa | 183 | 5 | 27j | Total costs for patients treated under community-based DOTS strategy. |