Table 3 Associated factors of IFG, IGT, and diabetes in multinomial logistic regression analysis

Sex

 Women

1

1

1

 Men

0.60 (0.32−1.15)

0.122

1.09 (0.51−2.33)

0.819

1.65 (0.70−3.92)

0.253

Age (year)

1.02 (0.99−1.05)

0.057

1.01 (0.98−1.04)

0.590

1.04 (1.00−1.08)

0.076

Blood pressure

 Normal

1

1

1

 High

1.66 (1.24−2.24)

0.001

1.68 (1.18−2.40)

0.004

1.71 (1.10−2.67)

0.018

BMI (kg/m²)

0.95 (0.89−1.03)

0.202

1.03 (0.95−1.12)

0.479

1.05 (0.95−1.16)

0.371

Body fat (%)

0.99 (0.95−1.03)

0.493

1.03 (0.99−1.08)

0.162

1.03 (0.98−1.10)

0.252

Waist-hip ratio

(per SD=0.07)

1.21 (1.01−1.46)

0.048

1.21 (0.97−1.52)

0.094

1.47 (1.14−1.90)

0.003

Family history of diabetes

 No

1

1

1

 Yes

1.44 (0.73−2.82)

0.290

2.00 (0.98−4.06)

0.056

4.24 (2.10−8.57)

<0.0001

Marital status

 Married

1

1

1

 Never

1.96 (0.83−4.63)

0.126

2.69 (1.05−6.86)

0.039

2.26 (0.64−7.99)

0.207

 Widowed

1.30 (0.74−2.27)

0.357

0.96 (0.46−2.02)

0.921

1.66 (0.71−3.88)

0.240

 Others

0.95 (0.28−3.17)

0.930

1.02 (0.24−4.43)

0.977

1.06 (0.14−8.08)

0.958

Education level

 Elementary

1

1

1

 Intermediate

1.43 (0.86−2.37)

0.172

0.62 (0.37−1.04)

0.069

1.01 (0.45−2.24)

0.986

 Secondary

1.16 (0.61−2.24)

0.649

0.68 (0.34−1.36)

0.270

1.53 (0.59−4.00)

0.385

 Post–secondary

1.09 (0.55−2.19)

0.803

0.60 (0.29−1.27)

0.182

1.18 (0.44−3.21)

0.742

Residence

 Rural

1

1

1

 Urban

3.00 (1.83−4.90)

<0.0001

3.22 (1.85−5.60)

<0.0001

1.53 (0.70−3.34)

0.289

Heavy occupation

 Yes

1

1

1

 No

0.86 (0.55−1.34)

0.504

1.17 (0.71−1.92)

0.538

1.41 (0.79−2.51)

0.251

Income level

 < 25 percentiles

1

1

1

 25–<50 percentiles

1.17 (0.78−1.73)

0.449

1.69 (1.06−2.70)

0.028

0.85 (0.46−1.58)

0.605

 50–<75 percentiles

1.18 (0.79−1.77)

0.427

0.97 (0.57−1.65)

0.899

0.86 (0.46−1.60)

0.629

 ≥75 percentiles

1.34 (0.89−2.01)

0.163

1.00 (0.59−1.70)

0.994

0.74 (0.40−1.39)

0.353

Alcohol consumption

 None

1

1

1

 <1 drink/mo

1.28 (0.72−2.29)

0.398

1.24 (0.61−2.50)

0.555

1.13 (0.46−2.78)

0.794

 ≥ 1 drink/mo to < 1 drink/wk

2.03 (1.15−3.61)

0.015

1.84 (0.92−3.66)

0.084

1.33 (0.53−3.35)

0.545

 1 drink/wk to ≤ 1 drink/d

2.40 (1.40−4.13)

0.001

0.88 (0.43−1.77)

0.715

0.63 (0.26−1.49)

0.292

 ≥ 2 drink/d

2.29 (1.23−4.25)

0.009

1.18 (0.57−2.45)

0.652

1.41 (0.63−3.17)

0.408

Smoking

 None

1

1

1

 Current smoker

0.66 (0.38−1.16)

0.145

0.96 (0.46−2.01)

0.920

0.82 (0.36−1.86)

0.638

 Ex–smoker

0.83 (0.46−1.50)

0.530

1.35 (0.65−2.81)

0.430

0.86 (0.38−1.95)

0.713

Watching TV time/day

 ≤ 3 hours

1

1

1

 > 3 hours

0.90 (0.46−1.76)

0.757

0.73 (0.32−1.66)

0.449

1.29 (0.60−2.78)

0.514

Siesta time/day

 None

1

1

1

 <30 min

1.29 (0.81−2.06)

0.281

1.06 (0.61−1.84)

0.844

1.82 (0.80−4.12)

0.154

 30–<60 min

1.08 (0.65−1.79)

0.774

0.93 (0.51−1.69)

0.812

1.43 (0.60−3.42)

0.421

 60–<90 min

1.43 (0.86−2.38)

0.164

1.26 (0.69−2.28)

0.455

1.70 (0.71−4.05)

0.234

 ≥ 90 min

1.28 (0.66−2.49)

0.473

1.63 (0.78−3.39)

0.191

2.30 (0.86−6.18)

0.098

Sitting time/day

 ≤ 4 hours

1

1

1

 > 4 hours

0.91 (0.67−1.23)

0.533

1.06 (0.74−1.54)

0.744

1.43 (0.91−2.26)

0.124