Table 1 Percentages or means and standard deviations of the variables at the 9-year follow-up of the African American Health cohort in 2010 (N = 582 unless otherwise noted) ¹

Focal Variable

Segregated Schooling

≥ 50% of Grades 1-12

40.2

1-49% of Grades 1-12

11.1

No Segregated Schooling of Grades 1-12

48.5

Regional Schooling Effects

Majority of Schooling Occurred in the …

Southern States

28.6

Missouri

66.2

Other States

5.2

Demographics, Socioeconomic Status, and Health Status

Age (in years, 58–74)

65.8

4.5

Men (vs. women)

42.8

Marital Status

Divorced or Separated

27.7

Widowed

18.5

Never Married

10.0

Married

44.8

Educational Attainment

Grade School

6.2

High School

48.9

College

44.8

Employment Status

Working for Pay

29.5

Disabled

14.8

Retired

55.7

Annual Household Income < $25 K

42.9

Self-Rated Health (1 = poor, …, 5 = excellent)

2.82

1.0

Racial Consciousness, African American Community Responsibility, and Perceived Discrimination

Constantly Thinks About One’s Race (1 = yes, 0 = no)

36.4

Responsible to Move the African American Community Forward (1 = strongly disagree, …, 4 = strongly agree)

3.1

0.7

Perceived Discrimination (9 = lowest, …, 36 = highest)

24.7

4.5

Resilience

Resilience (5 = lowest, …, 50 = highest)

40.6

6.4

Outcome ¹

Sense of Control Scale (−16 = lowest, …, 16 = highest)

4.2

4.0

Systolic Blood Pressure (mm/hg; N = 511)

134.5

22.3

Diastolic Blood Pressure (mm/hg; N = 512)

76.8

13.0

Grip Strength (kg; N = 493)

32.0

11.9

Peak Expiratory Flow (ml; N = 442)

375.5

11.9

Gait Speed (0 = lowest, …, 5 = highest; N = 462)

2.4

1.2

Chair Stands (0 = lowest, …, 5 = highest; N = 462)

2.2

1.3

Balance Tests (0 = lowest, …, 5 = highest; N = 491)

3.2

1.5

Short Portable Physical Battery (0 = lowest, …, 12 = highest; N = 462)

7.9

3.1