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Table 5 Summary results of evidence on the relationship environmental factors and leisure-time PA (LTPA)

From: Relationship between the physical environment and different domains of physical activity in European adults: a systematic review

Environm. variables

Positive association

Negative association

No association

A*

B*

C*

D*

Walkability

61

 

85, 85, 86

3

1/4

25

0

Residential density

  

34, 34, 55 M, 55 M,55 F, 55 F

2

N/A

N/A

N/A

Land use mix diversity

34

 

34

1

N/A

N/A

N/A

Street connectivity

  

34, 34, 85, 85

2

N/A

N/A

N/A

Access to shops/services/work

70, 88

 

34, 34, 67, 67, 70, 70, 70, 77, 77, 85, 85

5

2/13

15

00

Access to public transport

  

34, 34

1

N/A

N/A

N/A

Access to recreation facilities

29M, 29F, 40 F, 52, 60, 60, 67, 70, 81, 81, 85

60, 60

34, 34, 40 M, 40 M, 40 M,

40 M, 40 M, 40 F, 40 F, 40 F, 40 F, 47, 49, 52, 52, 52, 60, 60, 61, 61, 61, 65 M, 65 M, 65 F, 65 F, 70, 70, 70, 73, 73, 73M, 73M, 73F, 73F, 85

14

11/48

23

00

Walking/cycling facilities

  

34, 34, 34, 34, 85, 85, 85, 85

2

N/A

N/A

N/A

Safety

49

73, 73M, 73F, 73F

55M, 55M, 55F, 55F, 73, 73M, 85, 85

3

4/13

31

0

Traffic-related safety

  

34, 34, 55 M, 55 M, 55 F, 55 F,70, 70, 85, 85

3

0/10

0

0

Crime-related safety

70, 75

 

34, 34, 49, 67, 67, 70, 85, 85, 88, 88

6

2/12

17

00

Aesthetics

49, 55 F, 73, 73, 73M, 88, 88

 

29M, 29M, 29M, 29M, 29F, 29F, 29F, 29F, 34, 34, 55 M, 55 M, 55 F, 73M, 73F, 73F, 85, 85, 88

6

7/26

27

00

Urbanization

29 M, 40, 81, 89, 89 M

27 F, 42M, 42F , 66

27 M, 29 F, 43 MI , 43 MII , 43 FI , 43 FII, 67, 70, 70, 84, 84, 89, 89, 89, 89 M, 89 M, 89 M, 89 F, 89 F, 89 F , 89 F

10

5/30

17

00

Quality of environment

77M, 77F

 

29M, 29F,61

3

2/5

40

(+)

  1. * A = n° of independent studies; B = n° of associated records divided by all records; C = % of evidence; D = summary code.
  2. Regular vs italics font = subjective vs objective PA measures; regular vs bold font = subjective vs objective environmental measures.
  3. M = specific results for males; F = specific results for females; I = specific results for 1st measurement period; II = specific results for 2nd measurement period.