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Table 4 Summary results of evidence on the relationship environmental factors and total PA

From: Relationship between the physical environment and different domains of physical activity in European adults: a systematic review

Environm. variables

Positive association

Negative association

No association

A*

B*

C*

D*

Walkability

36, 61, 78, 82, 82 2 , 83, 85, 86, 87

 

82 1

8

9/10

90

++

Residential density

87

 

32, 33M, 33M, 33F, 33F, 34, 34

4

1/8

13

0

Land use mix diversity

34

 

32, 33M, 33M, 33F, 33F, 34

3

1/7

14

0

Street connectivity

32, 32, 32

 

33M, 33M, 33F, 33F, 34, 34, 85

4

3/10

30

0

Access to shops/services/work

31, 31, 31, 31, 31, 33F, 67, 74 F

8

33M, 33M, 33F, 34, 34, 46, 57, 58, 58, 58, 67, 74 M , 74 M, 74 F, 82, 82, 85

9

8/26

31

00

Access to public transport

  

33M, 33M, 33F, 33F, 34, 34, 46, 57

4

0/8

0

00

Access to recreation facilities

24, 28, 28, 30, 30,33M, 33F, 441, 442, 46, 481, 482, 61, 67, 68M, 68F, 691, 692, 693, 694, 695, 696, 697, 699, 6910, 6911, 6912, 6914, 6915, 6916, 76

 

32, 33M, 33F, 34, 34, 48 1, 48 1, 48 1, 48 1, 48 1, 48 1, 48 2, 48 2, 48 2, 48 2, 48 2, 48 2, 52, 52, 58, 61, 61, 698, 6913, 6917, 74 M, 74 M, 74 F, 74 F, 85

17

31/61

51

(++)

Walking/cycling facilities

26

 

26, 33M, 33M, 33M, 33M, 33F, 33F, 33F, 33F, 34, 34, 34, 34, 57, 58, 74 M, 74 F, 85, 85

7

1/20

5

00

Safety

46, 46, 481, 482

 

72M, 72M, 72F, 72F, 74 M, 74 F, 85

6

4/11

36

0

Traffic-related safety

26, 31, 31

32, 32, 46, 58

26, 33M, 33M, 33F, 33F, 34, 34, 46, 58, 85

7

4/17

24

00

Crime-related safety

26, 31

46, 67

26, 33M, 33M, 33F, 33F, 34, 34, 46, 46, 58, 67, 85

7

2/16

13

00

Aesthetics

31, 37, 37, 74 M

 

33M, 33M, 33F, 33F, 34, 34, 58, 74 F, 85

7

4/13

31

00

Urbanization

 

25, 26, 42M, 42M, 42F, 42F 45 M, 45 F, 56 M, 56 F

25, 26, 67, 84

7

10/14

71

--

Quality of environment

61, 72F, 72F, 74 M, 74 F

 

72M, 72M

3

5/7

71

+

  1. * A = n° of independent studies; B = n° of associated records divided by all records; C = % of evidence; D = summary code.
  2. Regular vs italics font = subjective vs objective PA measures; regular vs bold font = subjective vs objective environmental measures.
  3. M = specific results for males; F = specific results for females; 1 = specific results for 1st subgroup; 2 = specific results for 2nd subgroup; n = specific results for nth subgroup.