Figure 2From: Pre-pregnancy care for women with pre-gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis Risk Ratio for congenital malformation from 13 studies of women with pre-gestational diabetes mellitus who did or did not receive pre-pregnancy care. PPC (experimental) = the group who received pre-pregnancy care; NPPC (control) = the group who did not received pre-pregnancy care; CI = Confidence intervals.Back to article page