Total sample1 (N=575) | Moderate needs2 (N=378) | High needs2 (N=197) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control (N=174) | Treatment (N=204) | Control (N=100) | Treatment (N=97) | |||||
Mean ± SD or N (%) | Missing N (% of 575) | Mean ± SD or N (%) | P value | Mean ± SD or N (%) | P value | |||
Demgraphics | ||||||||
Age | 0 (0.0) | 0.861 | 0.340 | |||||
<30 | 138 (24.0) | 41 (23.6) | 51 (25.0) | 19 (19.0) | 27 (27.8) | |||
30-39 | 134 (23.3) | 41 (23.6) | 47 (23.0) | 22 (22.0) | 24 (24.7) | |||
40-49 | 183 (31.8) | 53 (30.5) | 67 (32.8) | 34 (34.0) | 29 (29.9) | |||
≥50 | 120 (20.9) | 39 (22.4) | 39 (19.1) | 25 (25.0) | 17 (17.5) | |||
Gender | 0 (0.0) | 0.059 | 0.075 | |||||
Female | 170 (29.6) | 54 (31.0) | 65 (31.9) | 19 (19.0) | 32 (33.0) | |||
Male | 394 (68.5) | 113 (64.9) | 138 (67.6) | 79 (79.0) | 64 (66.0) | |||
Other3 | 11 (1.9) | 7 (4.0) | 1 (0.5) | 2 (2.0) | 1 (1.0) | |||
Country of birth | 1 (0.2) | 0.668 | 0.610 | |||||
Canada | 312 (54.3) | 90 (51.7) | 101 (49.5) | 60 (60.0) | 61 (63.5) | |||
Other | 262 (45.6) | 84 (48.3) | 103 (50.5) | 40 (40.0) | 35 (36.5) | |||
Native language | 0 (0.0) | 0.301 | 0.145 | |||||
English | 369 (64.2) | 104 (59.8) | 123 (60.3) | 69 (69.0) | 73 (75.3) | |||
French | 17 (3.0) | 3 (1.7) | 9 (4.4) | 1 (1.0) | 4 (4.1) | |||
Other | 189 (32.9) | 67 (38.5) | 72 (35.3) | 30 (30.0) | 20 (20.6) | |||
Ethnic or cultural identity | 0 (0.0) | 0.265 | 0.361 | |||||
Aboriginal | 28 (4.9) | 8 (4.6) | 10 (4.9) | 3 (3.0) | 7 (7.2) | |||
Ethno-racial4 | 338 (58.8) | 102 (58.6) | 135 (66.2) | 54 (54.0) | 47 (48.5) | |||
Non ethno-racial5 | 209 (36.3) | 64 (36.8) | 59 (28.9) | 43 (43.0) | 43 (44.3) | |||
Marital status | 3 (0.5) | 0.943 | 0.650 | |||||
Divorced/separated/widowed | 152 (26.4) | 51 (29.3) | 57 (28.1) | 25 (25.0) | 19 (20.0) | |||
Married/cohabitating with partner | 21 (3.7) | 6 (3.4) | 8 (3.9) | 4 (4.0) | 3 (3.2) | |||
Single, never married | 399 (69.4) | 117 (67.2) | 138 (68.0) | 71 (71.0) | 73 (76.8) | |||
Number of children | 8 (1.4) | 0.260 | 0.105 | |||||
0 | 410 (71.3) | 125 (72.7) | 139 (68.1) | 74 (77.1) | 72 (75.8) | |||
1 | 80 (13.9) | 23 (13.4) | 38 (18.6) | 8 (8.3) | 11 (11.6) | |||
2 | 55 (9.6) | 18 (10.5) | 15 (7.4) | 14 (14.6) | 8 (8.4) | |||
≥3 | 22 (3.8) | 6 (3.5) | 12 (5.9) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (4.2) | |||
Homelessness | ||||||||
Current status | 0 (0.0) | 0.633 | 0.284 | |||||
Absolutely homeless | 535 (93.0) | 161 (92.5) | 186 (91.2) | 97 (97.0) | 91 (93.8) | |||
Precariously housed | 40 (7.0) | 13 (7.5) | 18 (8.8) | 3 (3.0) | 6 (6.2) | 0.207 | ||
Total length of homelessness During lifetime (years) | 5.25 ± 6.19 | 13 (2.3) | 4.86 ± 5.82 | 4.56 ± 5.63 | 0.599 | 7.13 ± 7.34 | 5.57 ± 6.42 | 0.122 |
Longest period of homelessness (years) | 2.92 ± 4.54 | 8 (1.4) | 2.58 ± 3.61 | 2.50 ± 4.12 | 0.855 | 4.07 ± 5.81 | 3.29 ± 5.27 | 0.388 |
Education and employment | ||||||||
Education history | 2 (0.3) | 0.346 | 0.273 | |||||
< High school | 279 (48.5) | 75 (43.4) | 103 (50.5) | 53 (53.5) | 48 (49.5) | |||
Completed high school | 108 (18.8) | 36 (20.8) | 34 (16.7) | 22 (22.2) | 16 (16.5) | |||
Some post-secondary school | 186 (32.3) | 62 (35.8) | 67 (32.8) | 24 (24.2) | 33 (34.0) | |||
Employment status | 2 (0.3) | 0.924 | 0.975 | |||||
Unemployed | 549 (95.5) | 165 (94.8) | 193 (94.6) | 97 (98.0) | 94 (97.9) | |||
Employed | 24 (4.2) | 9 (5.2) | 11 (5.4) | 2 (2.0) | 2 (2.1) | |||
Mental health | ||||||||
MCAS | 0 (0.0) | 0.224 | 0.931 | |||||
More disability (17-47) | 29 (5.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.5) | 14 (14.0) | 14 (14.4) | |||
Some disability (48-62) | 192 (33.4) | 14 (8.0) | 9 (4.4) | 86 (86.0) | 83 (85.6) | |||
Mild disability (63-85) | 354 (61.6) | 160 (92.0) | 194 (95.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |||
Documented health record of a mental disorder | 161 (28.0) | 9 (1.6) | 36 (20.7) | 44 (22.1) | 0.739 | 44 (44.4) | 37 (39.4) | 0.475 |
MINI Results | 0 (0.0) | |||||||
Current depressive episode | 206 (35.8) | 79 (45.4) | 92 (45.1) | 0.953 | 18 (18.0) | 17 (17.5) | 0.931 | |
Current manic Episode or hypomanic episode | 61 (10.6) | 16 (9.2) | 25 (12.3) | 0.340 | 7 (7.0) | 13 (13.4) | 0.137 | |
Current PTSD | 134 (23.3) | 48 (27.6) | 61 (29.9) | 0.620 | 11 (11.0) | 14 (14.4) | 0.469 | |
Current panic disorder | 81 (14.1) | 34 (19.5) | 38 (18.6) | 0.822 | 3 (3.0) | 6 (6.2) | 0.284 | |
Current mood disorder with psychotic features | 119 (20.7) | 33 (19.0) | 38 (18.6) | 0.933 | 25 (25.0) | 23 (23.7) | 0.833 | |
Current psychotic disorder | 215 (37.4) | 44 (25.3) | 55 (27.0) | 0.712 | 60 (60.0) | 56 (57.7) | 0.746 | |
Current alcohol dependence | 166 (28.9) | 57 (32.8) | 48 (23.5) | 0.046 | 30 (30.0) | 31 (32.0) | 0.766 | |
Current substance dependence | 218 (37.9) | 69 (39.7) | 74 (36.3) | 0.499 | 32 (32.0) | 43 (44.3) | 0.075 | |
Current alcohol abuse | 80 (13.9) | 17 (9.8) | 30 (14.7) | 0.147 | 16 (16.0) | 17 (17.5) | 0.774 | |
Current substance abuse | 52 (9.0) | 13 (7.5) | 19 (9.3) | 0.521 | 8 (8.0) | 12 (12.4) | 0.310 | |
Current suicidality | 0.127 | 0.589 | ||||||
Low | 203 (35.3) | 64 (36.8) | 73 (35.8) | 38 (38.0) | 28 (28.9) | |||
Moderate | 112 (19.5) | 47 (27.0) | 37 (18.1) | 13 (13.0) | 15 (15.5) | |||
High | 60 (10.4) | 15 (8.6) | 25 (12.3) | 9 (9.0) | 11 (11.3) | |||
Functional and cognitive impairment | ||||||||
Cognitive impairment | ||||||||
Was in special class in school | 170 (29.6) | 18 (3.1) | 48 (28.1) | 58 (29.3) | 0.796 | 30 (30.6) | 34 (37.8) | 0.300 |
Received extra help with learning in school | 196 (34.1) | 18 (3.1) | 63 (36.8) | 62 (31.3) | 0.263 | 33 (34.0) | 38 (41.8) | 0.274 |
Thinks that has learning problem/disability | 207 (36.0) | 22 (3.8) | 70 (41.4) | 62 (31.3) | 0.044 | 37 (39.4) | 38 (41.3) | 0.787 |
Was told have learning problem/disability | 180 (31.3) | 19 (3.3) | 56 (33.3) | 57 (28.6) | 0.332 | 33 (34.4) | 34 (36.6) | 0.754 |
Functional Impairment | ||||||||
Needs assistance to meet nutritional needs | 101 (17.6) | 1 (0.2) | 21 (12.1) | 30 (14.8) | 0.443 | 20 (20.0) | 30 (30.9) | 0.078 |
Needs assistance to maintain adequate personal hygiene | 129 (22.4) | 0 (0.0) | 23 (13.2) | 25 (12.3) | 0.779 | 42 (42.0) | 39 (40.2) | 0.798 |
Needs assistance/unwilling to access needed resources | 413 (71.8) | 1 (0.2) | 110 (63.2) | 141 (69.5) | 0.200 | 79 (79.0) | 83 (85.6) | 0.228 |
Needs assistance to manage finances | 425 (73.9) | 2 (0.3) | 126 (72.4) | 136 (67.0) | 0.255 | 79 (79.8) | 84 (86.6) | 0.203 |
Needs assistance to acquire and maintain social network | 455 (79.1) | 0 (0.0) | 127 (73.0) | 163 (79.9) | 0.113 | 85 (85.0) | 80 (82.5) | 0.631 |
Referral sources | 0 (0.0) | 0.309 | 0.112 | |||||
Community health centres | 5 (1.0) | 2 (1.1) | 1(0.5) | 2 (2.0) | 0 (0.0) | |||
CMHA (Canadian Mental Health Association) | 31 (5.4) | 10 (5.7) | 7 (3.4) | 5 (5.0) | 9 (9.3) | |||
Drop-ins | 67 (11.7) | 21 (12.1) | 26 (12.7) | 12 (12.0) | 8 (8.2) | |||
Hospitals | 80 (13.9) | 12 (6.9) | 21 (10.3) | 25 (25.0) | 22 (22.7) | |||
Social supports programs and justice systems6 | 25 (4.3) | 6 (3.4) | 11 (5.4) | 2 (2.0) | 6 (6.2) | |||
Mental health services | 45 (7.8) | 10 (5.7) | 24 (11.8) | 8 (8.0) | 3 (3.1) | |||
Other7 | 27 (4.7) | 9 (5.2) | 12 (5.9) | 5 (5.0) | 1 (1.0) | |||
Outreach programs | 57 (9.9) | 15 (8.6) | 17 (8.3) | 9 (9.0) | 16 (16.5) | |||
Shelters | 238 (41.4) | 89 (51.1) | 85 (41.7) | 32 (32.0) | 32 (33.0) |