Table 5 Associations between whether helmet was worn and trip or personal characteristics, variables retained in adjusted analysis only, each variable on its own (unadjusted) and in multiple logistic regression (adjusted)

City

 Vancouver

(76/24)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 Toronto

(59/41)

0.46 (0.33 – 0.64)

0.38 (0.25 – 0.57)

Bike light turned on during trip

 No

(68/32)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 Yes

(76/24)

1.45 (0.93 – 2.25)

2.02 (1.17 – 3.50)

Trip distance

 < 2 km

(59/41)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 2 - < 5 km

(71/29)

1.63 (1.10 – 2.41)

1.67 (1.05 – 2.65)

 5 - < 10 km

(77/23)

2.14 (1.34 – 3.44)

1.67 (0.96 – 2.89)

 10 - < 20 km

(75/25)

1.91 (0.94 – 3.85)

1.47 (0.65 – 3.34)

 ≥ 20 km

(91/9)

6.75 (2.01 – 22.7)

5.43 (1.42 – 20.8)

Bike type used on trip

 Mountain bike

(67/23)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 City bike

(59/41)

0.66 (0.30 – 1.46)

0.82 (0.33 – 2.05)

 Touring/road bike

(68/32)

1.01 (0.64 – 1.61)

1.11 (0.65 – 1.90)

 Racing bike

(76/24)

1.45 (0.77 – 2.73)

1.22 (0.58 – 2.58)

 Folding bike

(58/42)

0.65 (0.19 – 2.12)

0.84 (0.20 – 3.44)

 Hybrid

(84/16)

2.58 (1.55 – 4.27)

2.08 (1.18 – 3.68)

 Cruiser

(26/74)

0.17 (0.07 – 0.47)

0.15 (0.05 – 0.46)

 BMX bike

(14/86)

0.07 (0.01 – 0.66)

0.15 (0.02 – 1.40)

 Fixed gear

(35/65)

0.25 (0.10 – 0.61)

0.42 (0.16 – 1.16)

Alcohol used in 6 hours prior to trip

 No

(72/28)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 Yes

(49/51)

0.39 (0.24 – 0.64)

0.42 (0.23 – 0.78)

Sex

 Male

(66/34)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 Female

(74/26)

1.33 (0.95 – 1.87)

1.62 (1.06 – 2.48)

Age

 19 - 29

(61/39)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 30 - 39

(68/32)

1.33 (0.88 – 2.01)

0.98 (0.59 – 1.63)

 40 - 49

(77/23)

2.14 (1.29 – 3.53)

1.27 (0.67 – 2.40)

 50 - 59

(83/17)

3.04 (1.62 – 5.68)

2.45 (1.12 – 5.35)

 ≥ 60

(79/21)

2.24 (1.27 – 4.45)

1.35 (0.58 – 3.17)

Income

 < $15,000

(45/55)

0.44 (0.24 – 0.81)

0.45 (0.22 – 0.92)

 $15,000 - 29,999

(60/40)

0.75 (0.42 – 1.33)

0.94 (0.48 – 1.83)

 $30,000 - 49,999

(69/31)

1.13 (0.66 – 1.92)

1.12 (0.61 – 2.07)

 $50,000 - 79,999

(69/31)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 $80,000 - 119,999

(81/19)

2.11 (1.14 – 3.90)

1.67 (0.84 – 3.35)

 ≥ $120,000

(89/11)

4.00 (1.99 – 8.06)

2.28 (1.03 – 5.07)

 DK/Refuse

(63/37)

0.89 (0.50 – 1.61)

0.84 (0.42 – 1.71)

Education

 Some high school

(54/46)

0.43 (0.13 – 1.42)

0.42 (0.11 – 1.70)

 Completed high school

(48/52)

0.30 (0.15 – 0.59)

0.30 (0.13 – 0.68)

 Some post-secondary  education

(60/40)

0.47 (0.29 – 0.76)

0.61 (0.35 – 1.06)

 Completed college/ technical diploma

(54/46)

0.38 (0.24 – 0.61)

0.43 (0.25 – 0.74)

 Completed university degree

(76/24)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 Completed graduate degree

(85/15)

1.80 (1.04 – 3.12)

1.29 (0.70 – 2.40)