Table 2 Summary of the surveillance indicators, measures, methods and instruments

Demographic and Social Characteristics*

Age / Sex / Marital Status / Religion

Questionnaires

Chennai Urban Population Study (CUPS), Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiological Study (CURES), Establishment of Sentinel Surveillance System for CVD in Indian Industrial Populations (Sentinel Surveillance Study)

Education / Income / Occupation

Household assets

Standard of Living Index (SLI)

Contact Details (and supplemental contacts)

Behavioral risk factors*

Tobacco use

Questionnaire / Cotinine in saliva (5 % of participants)

CUPS, CURES, Sentinel Surveillance Study

Alcohol use

Questionnaire

Dietary habits

Questionnaire/ validation by 24-hour dietary recall in a sub-sample

INTERHEART Study

Physical activity

Questionnaire

International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)– short

Sleep

Sleep Heart Health Study (SHHS)

Physiological and biochemical risk factors**

Hypertension

Blood pressure measurement

Standardized method (American Heart Association) and validated instrument (certified by British Hypertensive Society and Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation)

Dyslipidemia

Laboratory estimation of serum total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, very low density lipoprotein cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, Apolipoprotein A and B (not done in Karachi)

Standardized across all three study sites

Obesity

Anthropometry (height / weight / body circumferences / skinfold thickness / body composition/bio-impedance)

Standard procedures based on National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey-III with instruments used in epidemiological studies on South Asian population

Diabetes

Laboratory estimation of fasting plasma glucose, glycated haemoglobin (HbA₁c)

Standardized across all three study sites

Female Reproductive history*

Menarche/ gestational history (pregnancy induced hypertension, gestational diabetes), menopause (surgical / physiological / whether on hormone replacement therapy) / contraception

Questionnaire

CUPS, CURES, India Health Study (IHS)

Quality of Life*

Mobility, self care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, anxiety/depression (related to cardiometabolic diseases; CMDs and their risk factors)

Questionnaire

European Quality of Life 5 Dimensions questionnaire (EQ-5D)

Morbidity**

Stroke / Myocardial infarction / Congestive heart failure / Chronic stable angina

Questionnaires including medication history;

Rose Angina, CURES, IHS, Sentinel Surveillance, Community Heart Failure questionnaire

Medical records of documented events or procedures, serum urea and creatinine and albumin for CKD

Chronic kidney disease (CKD)/ Dialysis / Renal transplantation

Amputation/diabetes retinopathy

Procedures, Revascularization, Hospitalization

Initiative for Cardiovascular Health Research in the developing countries (IC-Health) macroeconomic study

Treatment history, health services, quality of care and health care costs**

Awareness and risk factor control

Questionnaire

IC-Health macroeconomic study

Access to health care services

Utilization of services

Health insurance / coverage

Costs of treating CMDs and their risk factors

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), Asthma*

Prevalence of COPD & asthma in the population

Questionnaire

NHANES III and the present standards of the American Thoracic Society (ATS)

Family history*

Prevalence of CMDs and their risk factors in members of the family related to the participants

Questionnaire

Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) trial

Mortality***

All cause

Follow-up surveys; Death Certificates; Verbal Autopsy

Modified version of Registrar General of India – Center for Global Health Research (RGI-CGHR) Prospective Study on Million Deaths (Form 10C)

Cardiovascular disease specific; Diabetes-specific